Pakistans Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management free essay sample

Pakistan Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management Pakistan Discussion Draft, December 2006  © 2006 Asian Development Bank and the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center. All rights saved. Distributed 2006 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Imprinted in the Philippines. ADB encouraged this examination through its Regional Technical Assistance 6291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The Study was driven by the CAI-Asia Secretariat and the data contained in this report was created by the CAI-Asia Secretariat with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else. The perspectives communicated in this report are those of the creators and don't really mirror the perspectives on ADB or its Board of Governors or the Governments they speak to. ADB doesn't ensure the exactness of the information remembered for the distribution and acknowledges no duty regarding any outcome of their utilization. The term â€Å"country† doesn't suggest any judgment by ADB to the legitimate or different status of any regional element. Chapter by chapter list Tables and Figures Abbreviations Acknowledgments General Information Geography and Climate Population and Urbanization Economy and Industry Energy Transportation Sources of Air Pollution Status of Air Quality (State) Air Quality Monitoring System Air Quality Data Impacts of Air Pollution Air Quality Management Legal Basis and Mandate Ambient Air Quality Standards Management of Mobile Sources Management of Stationary Sources Management of Area Sources and Dust Public/Nongovernment Participation Conclusion References v vi 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 3. 1 3. 2 4. 1 5. 1 5. 2 Hourly Average Ambient Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Pakistani Cities in 2000 Climatic Conditions for the Four Cycles Annual Costs of Health Impacts of Ambient Particulate Air Pollution (Billion Rs) Proposed Measures to Address Air Pollution in Pakistan in PCAP SO2 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Oil and Coal Power Plants and Corresponding Emissions Limits 5 6 8 10 1 Figure s 1. 1. 2 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3. 4 3. 5 Primary Energy Supplies in Pakistan by Source, 2004â€2005 Number of Registered Motor Vehicles in Pakistan 48-hour Mean of PM10 in Major Pakistani Cities 48-hour Mean of SO2 in Major Pakistani Cities NOx Levels in Major Pakistani Cities Ambient Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide in Di? erent Cities in Pakistan O3 Levels in Major Pakistani Cities 2 3 6 7 Box 5. 1 Lahore’s Initiatives to Improve Air Quality 11 Truncations ?g/m3 ADB AQ AQM Btu CAIâ€Asia CDG CNG CO CO2 ENERCON EPA FERTS GDP GEF IAEA IM JICA km km2 ktoe LPG MoE NEAP NGO NO2 NOx micrograms per cubic meter Asian Development Bank air quality air quality administration British warm unit Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities City District Governments packed flammable gas Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide National Energy Conservation Center Environmental Protection Agency Fuel E? iency in Road Transport Sector GDP Global Environment Facility International Atomic Energy Agency investigation and upkeep Japan International Cooperation Agency kilometer square kilometer kilotons of oil proportional lique? ed oil gas Ministry of Environment National Environmental Action Plan nongovernment association Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxide/s NWFP O3 PAH PCAP PEPC PM PM10 PM2. 5 ppb ppm RON SO2 SOx SPM SUPARCO toe TSP UNDP UNEP USEPA VOC Northâ€West Frontier Province Ozone olyaromatic hydrocarbons Pakistan Clean Air Program Pakistan Environmen t Protection Council particulate issue particulate issue with a measurement not in excess of 10 microns particulate issue with a breadth not more than 2. 5 microns parts for each billion sections for every million Research Octane Number Sulfur dioxide Sulfur oxide/s Suspended Particulate Matter Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission huge amounts of oil proportional all out suspended particulates United Nations Development Program United Nations Environment Program United States Environmental Protection Agency unpredictable natural mixes Note: â€Å"$† implies â€Å"US dollar† in this distribution. Affirmations This arrangement of nation reports is the ? rst time that a complete outline of urban air quality administration (AQM) at the nation level has been set up in Asia. Exploration assemblage for this nation blend report (CSR) on Urban Air Quality Management was driven by the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAIâ€Asia) Secretariat, with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else and encouraged by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through its Regional Technical Assistance No. 291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The essential creators of the reports are Ms. Aurora Fe Ables, Ms. May Ajero, Mr. Herbert Fabian, and Ms. Ninette Ramirez, all from CAIâ€Asia, under the oversight of Mr. Cornie Huizenga, Head of Secretariat, CAIâ€Asia. The CSRs were set up with help from volunteer creators from the di? erent nations and enco uraged by CAIâ€Asia neighborhood organizes in Nepal (Clean Air Networkâ€Nepal), (Pakistan Clean Air Network), Philippines (Partnership for Clean Air [PCA]), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) (CAIâ€Asia Project O? e), Sri Lanka (Clean Air Sri Lanka), and Viet Nam (Viet Nam Clean Air Partnership). CAIâ€Asia nearby systems have additionally sorted out in the particular nations an advancement accomplices meeting on clean air where beginning drafts of the CSRs were introduced to neighborhood AQM partners. For the Pakistan Country Synthesis Report, CAIâ€Asia stretches out its sincerest gratitude to Director Zia Ul Islam of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency for surveying the report and giving extra data. Mr. Mohammad Aqib, Coordinator of the Pakistan Clean Air Network; Mr. Ahmad Saeed of the World Conservation Union (IUCN); and Mr. Hassaan Ghazali, Research Analyst, Urban Unit of the Government of Punjab, have been instrumental in thinking of a ? rst draft of the report and for giving extra data. CAIâ€Asia might want to express gratitude toward ADB for encouraging the examination, and particularly to Mr. Masami Tsuji, Senior Environment Specialist; Dr. David McCauley, Senior Environmental Economist; and Mr. Nessim Ahmad, Directorâ€all from the Environment and Social Safeguard Division, Regional and Sustainable Development Departmentâ€for giving direction. Ms. Glynda Bathan, Mr. Michael Co, Ms. Agatha Diaz, and Ms. Gianina Panopio of CAIâ€Asia are likewise recognized for their strategic and specialized help for the CSR group. CAIâ€Asia and the particular nation Ministries of Environments explored the volumeâ€with specialized audit contributions from Prof. Candid Murray of Murdoch University. Ms. Agnes Adre and Ms. Mama. Theresa Castillo copyedited this arrangement of nation reports. Mr. Segundo dela Cruz, Jr. taken care of the visual communication and the design.  » Part One General Information Geography and Climate Pakistan is isolated into four significant regions that for the most part compare to the major geological developments in the nation: the Northâ€West Frontier Province (NWFP) in the good countries up north flanking Afghanistan and the People’s Republic of China; the Balochistan Plateau; and Punjab and Sindh Provinces in the fields separated by the Indus River. These fields are the most ripe and furthermore the most thickly populated territory in Pakistan. The nation has a wide altitudinal variety spreading over various biological locales going from waterfront environments; deserts; ? odplains; and mountains, for example, the Himalayas and Hindu Kush ranges, covering a territory of 796,095 square kilometers (km2). The atmosphere is commonly dry, described by sweltering summers and cool winters, and wide varieties between boundaries of temperatures at given areas. Pakistan has four seasons, with temperatures extending from 0 °C to 32 °C, which somewhat in? uence the devel opment of air toxins. Wind speed, which is fundamental for ? ushing air contamination, is low in its significant urban communities. In the dry and low wind days, regular residue and anthropogenic contamination sets aside longer effort to scatter (Pakistan EPA 2005). Karachi has an expected populace of 11. 97 million individuals, with a thickness of 3,394 people/km2, while Lahore has 6. 49 million individuals, with a thickness of 6,396 people/km2 in 2006. Karachi turned into the capital of Pakistan when the nation picked up autonomy in 1947 and, accordingly, accomplished quicker paces of urbanization contrasted with different urban communities. The port of Karachi and the close by port of Qasim have considerably added to the development of the city and its economy. Karachi is considered as the ? nancial focal point of Pakistan (Wikipedia 2006b,c). With quick development and the centralization of exercises and interests in Karachi, the Government wanted to build up another capital where government offices and capacity can be concentrated. In 1960, the capital was moved to Islamabad, which is found quickly north of Rawalpindi. Urban development in Islamabad was delayed at ? rst, yet started to get when all the significant government structures were worked during the 1980s. Islamabad’s nearness to Rawalpindi (around 5 kilometers [km]) has brought about solid linkages among its urban administrations and a bigger conurbation. Economy and Industry Pakistan’s economy developed, from 2002 to 2004, because of changes in government strategies and the resumption of universal loaning. The country’s total national output (GDP) accomplished record development rates, joined by light degrees of speculation and maintainable ? scal balances. Its GDP development rate has expanded, from a low of 1. 9% in 2001, to a high of 8. 4% in 2005 (ADB 2006). Pakistan is considered as one of the quickest developing economies in