Pakistans Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management free essay sample

Pakistan Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management Pakistan Discussion Draft, December 2006  © 2006 Asian Development Bank and the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center. All rights saved. Distributed 2006 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Imprinted in the Philippines. ADB encouraged this examination through its Regional Technical Assistance 6291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The Study was driven by the CAI-Asia Secretariat and the data contained in this report was created by the CAI-Asia Secretariat with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else. The perspectives communicated in this report are those of the creators and don't really mirror the perspectives on ADB or its Board of Governors or the Governments they speak to. ADB doesn't ensure the exactness of the information remembered for the distribution and acknowledges no duty regarding any outcome of their utilization. The term â€Å"country† doesn't suggest any judgment by ADB to the legitimate or different status of any regional element. Chapter by chapter list Tables and Figures Abbreviations Acknowledgments General Information Geography and Climate Population and Urbanization Economy and Industry Energy Transportation Sources of Air Pollution Status of Air Quality (State) Air Quality Monitoring System Air Quality Data Impacts of Air Pollution Air Quality Management Legal Basis and Mandate Ambient Air Quality Standards Management of Mobile Sources Management of Stationary Sources Management of Area Sources and Dust Public/Nongovernment Participation Conclusion References v vi 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 3. 1 3. 2 4. 1 5. 1 5. 2 Hourly Average Ambient Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Pakistani Cities in 2000 Climatic Conditions for the Four Cycles Annual Costs of Health Impacts of Ambient Particulate Air Pollution (Billion Rs) Proposed Measures to Address Air Pollution in Pakistan in PCAP SO2 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Oil and Coal Power Plants and Corresponding Emissions Limits 5 6 8 10 1 Figure s 1. 1. 2 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3. 4 3. 5 Primary Energy Supplies in Pakistan by Source, 2004â€2005 Number of Registered Motor Vehicles in Pakistan 48-hour Mean of PM10 in Major Pakistani Cities 48-hour Mean of SO2 in Major Pakistani Cities NOx Levels in Major Pakistani Cities Ambient Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide in Di? erent Cities in Pakistan O3 Levels in Major Pakistani Cities 2 3 6 7 Box 5. 1 Lahore’s Initiatives to Improve Air Quality 11 Truncations ?g/m3 ADB AQ AQM Btu CAIâ€Asia CDG CNG CO CO2 ENERCON EPA FERTS GDP GEF IAEA IM JICA km km2 ktoe LPG MoE NEAP NGO NO2 NOx micrograms per cubic meter Asian Development Bank air quality air quality administration British warm unit Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities City District Governments packed flammable gas Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide National Energy Conservation Center Environmental Protection Agency Fuel E? iency in Road Transport Sector GDP Global Environment Facility International Atomic Energy Agency investigation and upkeep Japan International Cooperation Agency kilometer square kilometer kilotons of oil proportional lique? ed oil gas Ministry of Environment National Environmental Action Plan nongovernment association Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxide/s NWFP O3 PAH PCAP PEPC PM PM10 PM2. 5 ppb ppm RON SO2 SOx SPM SUPARCO toe TSP UNDP UNEP USEPA VOC Northâ€West Frontier Province Ozone olyaromatic hydrocarbons Pakistan Clean Air Program Pakistan Environmen t Protection Council particulate issue particulate issue with a measurement not in excess of 10 microns particulate issue with a breadth not more than 2. 5 microns parts for each billion sections for every million Research Octane Number Sulfur dioxide Sulfur oxide/s Suspended Particulate Matter Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission huge amounts of oil proportional all out suspended particulates United Nations Development Program United Nations Environment Program United States Environmental Protection Agency unpredictable natural mixes Note: â€Å"$† implies â€Å"US dollar† in this distribution. Affirmations This arrangement of nation reports is the ? rst time that a complete outline of urban air quality administration (AQM) at the nation level has been set up in Asia. Exploration assemblage for this nation blend report (CSR) on Urban Air Quality Management was driven by the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAIâ€Asia) Secretariat, with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else and encouraged by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through its Regional Technical Assistance No. 291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The essential creators of the reports are Ms. Aurora Fe Ables, Ms. May Ajero, Mr. Herbert Fabian, and Ms. Ninette Ramirez, all from CAIâ€Asia, under the oversight of Mr. Cornie Huizenga, Head of Secretariat, CAIâ€Asia. The CSRs were set up with help from volunteer creators from the di? erent nations and enco uraged by CAIâ€Asia neighborhood organizes in Nepal (Clean Air Networkâ€Nepal), (Pakistan Clean Air Network), Philippines (Partnership for Clean Air [PCA]), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) (CAIâ€Asia Project O? e), Sri Lanka (Clean Air Sri Lanka), and Viet Nam (Viet Nam Clean Air Partnership). CAIâ€Asia nearby systems have additionally sorted out in the particular nations an advancement accomplices meeting on clean air where beginning drafts of the CSRs were introduced to neighborhood AQM partners. For the Pakistan Country Synthesis Report, CAIâ€Asia stretches out its sincerest gratitude to Director Zia Ul Islam of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency for surveying the report and giving extra data. Mr. Mohammad Aqib, Coordinator of the Pakistan Clean Air Network; Mr. Ahmad Saeed of the World Conservation Union (IUCN); and Mr. Hassaan Ghazali, Research Analyst, Urban Unit of the Government of Punjab, have been instrumental in thinking of a ? rst draft of the report and for giving extra data. CAIâ€Asia might want to express gratitude toward ADB for encouraging the examination, and particularly to Mr. Masami Tsuji, Senior Environment Specialist; Dr. David McCauley, Senior Environmental Economist; and Mr. Nessim Ahmad, Directorâ€all from the Environment and Social Safeguard Division, Regional and Sustainable Development Departmentâ€for giving direction. Ms. Glynda Bathan, Mr. Michael Co, Ms. Agatha Diaz, and Ms. Gianina Panopio of CAIâ€Asia are likewise recognized for their strategic and specialized help for the CSR group. CAIâ€Asia and the particular nation Ministries of Environments explored the volumeâ€with specialized audit contributions from Prof. Candid Murray of Murdoch University. Ms. Agnes Adre and Ms. Mama. Theresa Castillo copyedited this arrangement of nation reports. Mr. Segundo dela Cruz, Jr. taken care of the visual communication and the design.  » Part One General Information Geography and Climate Pakistan is isolated into four significant regions that for the most part compare to the major geological developments in the nation: the Northâ€West Frontier Province (NWFP) in the good countries up north flanking Afghanistan and the People’s Republic of China; the Balochistan Plateau; and Punjab and Sindh Provinces in the fields separated by the Indus River. These fields are the most ripe and furthermore the most thickly populated territory in Pakistan. The nation has a wide altitudinal variety spreading over various biological locales going from waterfront environments; deserts; ? odplains; and mountains, for example, the Himalayas and Hindu Kush ranges, covering a territory of 796,095 square kilometers (km2). The atmosphere is commonly dry, described by sweltering summers and cool winters, and wide varieties between boundaries of temperatures at given areas. Pakistan has four seasons, with temperatures extending from 0 °C to 32 °C, which somewhat in? uence the devel opment of air toxins. Wind speed, which is fundamental for ? ushing air contamination, is low in its significant urban communities. In the dry and low wind days, regular residue and anthropogenic contamination sets aside longer effort to scatter (Pakistan EPA 2005). Karachi has an expected populace of 11. 97 million individuals, with a thickness of 3,394 people/km2, while Lahore has 6. 49 million individuals, with a thickness of 6,396 people/km2 in 2006. Karachi turned into the capital of Pakistan when the nation picked up autonomy in 1947 and, accordingly, accomplished quicker paces of urbanization contrasted with different urban communities. The port of Karachi and the close by port of Qasim have considerably added to the development of the city and its economy. Karachi is considered as the ? nancial focal point of Pakistan (Wikipedia 2006b,c). With quick development and the centralization of exercises and interests in Karachi, the Government wanted to build up another capital where government offices and capacity can be concentrated. In 1960, the capital was moved to Islamabad, which is found quickly north of Rawalpindi. Urban development in Islamabad was delayed at ? rst, yet started to get when all the significant government structures were worked during the 1980s. Islamabad’s nearness to Rawalpindi (around 5 kilometers [km]) has brought about solid linkages among its urban administrations and a bigger conurbation. Economy and Industry Pakistan’s economy developed, from 2002 to 2004, because of changes in government strategies and the resumption of universal loaning. The country’s total national output (GDP) accomplished record development rates, joined by light degrees of speculation and maintainable ? scal balances. Its GDP development rate has expanded, from a low of 1. 9% in 2001, to a high of 8. 4% in 2005 (ADB 2006). Pakistan is considered as one of the quickest developing economies in

Why China Is A Threat To India History Essay

Why China Is A Threat To India History Essay 1. The Chinese authority accepts that contention is expected generally to the greedy job of the foe, and that in this lose-lose setting the use of brutality is profoundly adequate for managing the adversary. These suspicions for the most part convert into inclination for hostile procedures followed by continuously less coercive ones, where convenience is positioned last. This makes struggle over an area and other center interests of the Chinese system and the PLA almost certain if the other state will not suit to Chinese goals.1 2. The Chinese safeguard white paper for the year 2008 fundamentally investigations the world security circumstance and plainly brings out Chinas eagerness to assume a significant job in worldwide undertakings. China additionally gives out its military approach as that of dynamic safeguard, which implies that China can dispatch a pre emptive if the need be so. The white paper likewise gives out plausible reasons regarding for what reason would China go on war with any country. The white paper states World harmony and advancement are confronted with different troubles and difficulties. Battles for key assets, key areas and vital strength have escalated. In the interim, hegemonism and force legislative issues despite everything exist, territorial unrest continues overflowing, hotspot issues are expanding, and nearby clashes and wars continue rising. 2 The purposes behind likely battle (clashes) as given in the white paper in setting of India are being broke down underneath: (a) Strategic Resources. Vital assets in Indian setting which could influence Sino-Indian relations could be water, flammable gas, oil, investigation rights over ocean and in different landmasses/countries. The Chinese goal-oriented arrangement to occupy waterway Brahmaputra before it enters India could be potential reason for struggle. In addition, China sees water of the yarlem Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) as a significant characteristic asset, particularly for its North Western areas. Chinas reliance on imported oil will proceed to rise and it is surveyed that by 2010, it will import 61% of its oil prerequisites and by 2020, the figure will ascend to 76.9%. Indias oil imports by 2020 are probably going to be 91.6%. 3 dominant part of Chinas oil (about 54% ) 4 is imported from the African mainland while lion's share of Indian oil imports are from the center east nations. Chinas oil imports should cross the Indian sea, where Indian Navy has the potential and ability to prohibit these vital supplies. China sees this as a significant shortcoming and is attempting to balance the Indian Navy by its string of pearl approach. Particularly the port that China is creating at Gwadar in Pakistan could give China a base from where Indian oil supplies could be compromised. Chinese investment in against theft activities in the Gulf of Aden, could give the PLAN understanding of directing tasks far away from the territory. This could prove to be useful particularly in keeping the dangers from Indian Navy under control if there should be an occurrence of a contention. (b) Strategic Locations. Chinas saw vital outskirts can be said to incorporate the Indian Ocean and the Malacca waterways toward the South West, South China Sea, the East China ocean, notwithstanding the momentum regional limits and guaranteed defense over the previously mentioned regions. 5 As interests among India and China conflict in these districts, clashes can't be precluded. China likewise sees Central Asian Republics as significant and key areas because of the tremendous measure of gas holds there. China has additionally put forth attempts to set up its quality in a way in order to make sure about its ocean paths of interchanges, import gas through pipelines keeping away from shipment through Indian Ocean where India can impact Chinese delivery, and furthermore to procure key bases, for example, Gwadar in Pakistan, Coco islands to have the option to build up key maritime abilities. The reaons for strife with India will continue expanding any place intrigues conflict. (c) Strategic Dominance. China sees itself as one of the significant powers on the planet and the main force in Asia. Mr Barak Obama named it as the pioneer among Asian nations during his lady visit to China. China likewise tries to be an incredible country best in class. In the Chinese journey for enormity Chinese investigators feel that two countries, Japan and India could be impediments in its street to significance. Japan in view of the domineering heritage from history and India because of its disparities with China. The Tibet Issue 3. China attacked and caught Tibet in 1956. Indian feeling about Chinese control of Tibet has changed over some stretch of time and India currently perceives Tibet as a piece of China. Nonetheless, Chinese despite everything feel that India through the Dalai Lama attempts to bring to fore the Tibet issue. In any case, Indias backing to China during the counter China dissents by Tibetans in the approach the past Olympics, Chinas question of India has never lessened and could be utilized as an apparent reason for strife against India by China. Regional Dispute 4. Today the line of real control by the two sides in the in the eastern part fits in with the McMahon Line. The contested region between the pre-1914 external line and the McMahon Line covers an all out zone of 90,000 square kilometers. As per China this region contains Tibets three regions of Monyul, Loyul and Lower Zayul; and as indicated by India, this region is its Arunachal Pradesh. In the western segment, the line of genuine control runs generally along the Karakoram Range, complying with the Chinese case. The Indian Government in any case, guarantees that the limit runs along the Kunlun go from the Karakoram pass. The contested territory is the Aksai Chin locale between the two territories, covering a complete region of around 33,000 square Kilometers. This territory falls essentially in Chinas Xinjiang and Part of it has a place with the Ari region of Tibet. The Indian government guarantees that it is a piece of its Ladakh region of the territory of Jammu and Kashmir. This r egion is meagerly possessed, serving just as the traffic supply route connecting Xinjiang with Tibet. The uncertain outskirt contest has been an aggravation in Indo China relations and can be a potential reason for struggle in future. Ongoing Diplomatic Struggles 5. Chinas ongoing responses over Indian executives visit to Arunachal Pradesh, Dalai Lamas visit to a similar spot and giving visa to Indian Kashmiris on a different paper have been seen has discretionary offensives by China to contain India. Experts feel that China could be searching for motivations to dispatch a quick political hostile against India in future to determine the fringe issues in support of its. China has settled its fringe questions with those areas which are moderately more fragile. 6 It could be derived that China needs to determine its questions with different countries from a solid position in order to increase a beneficial arrangement. Besides, standardization of relations with Taiwan offers China the adaptability to change powers from its Eastern fringes to the outskirts neighboring India. China Pakistan Nexus 6. China has been helping Pakistan militarily and in atomic innovation to build up a foil for India and to contain India in South Asian area. Fare of military innovation and equipment and secret help to Pakistan in for creating key weapons, for example, rockets and atomic weapons mocking every single global standard is viewed as a push to weaken Indias military potential. China doesn't at present wish to perceive any strains on its fringes with India. And yet, its way to deal with our sub-mainland neighbors and our companions in ASEAN shows that it will pull out all the stops to contain India deliberately. Its activities like proceeding with help for Pakistans atomic and rocket programs are clearly a piece of this arrangement. 7 Frailty of the Chinese Leadership 7. China is a financial example of overcoming adversity yet its administration is profoundly uncertain. The Chinese government under the socialist party has each motivation to feel certain. However, a Chinese educator, Liu Xiabao, was as of late imprisoned for a long time, since he openly upheld opportunity of articulation and a conclusion to one-party rule in China. 8 Such episodes, human rights conditions, absence of opportunity to press, media and web in China, the Tiananmen occurrence and so forth show that Chinese socialist initiative feels exceptionally unreliable of any uprising against it. Further, India is the nation that is discussed frequently as a foe in China. 9 The initiative may fall back on exceptional acts, for example, addition of Taiwan or an assault on India to occupy open consideration, on the off chance that it is cornered by a famous development in China against the Communist party. End Notes 1. Sujit Dutta, Chinas developing Power and Military job: Implications for South Asia p 94 2. Chinese White Paper on National Defense; Year 2008, downloaded from www.china.org on 24 Sep 09 at 1500 h 3. Authority PK Ghosh, The Maritime Dimensions of Indias Energy Security analytics, p 33 4. Bad habit Admiral Raja Menon in his discourse at DSSC on Dec 09 5. Ashok Kapur, China and Proliferation: Implications for India p 405 6. Kondanpalli Sreekanth in his talk at DSSC Wellington on Nov 09 7. Kondanpalli Sreekanth in his talk at DSSC Wellington on Nov 09 8. Ian Burma, The Times of India, Bangalore, 16 Jan 10 9. Downloaded from yahoo.com on 28 Sep at 0900 h

How to Choose Essay Topics on Evolution

How to Choose Essay Topics on EvolutionIf you are having trouble finding topics for your essay on evolution, there are a number of things that you should look out for. While the topic may be easier to come up with in some instances, the selection of the appropriate topic is often very difficult. Here are a few tips on how to choose the appropriate topic for your essay on evolution.While how to choose essay topics on evolution will probably depend on a number of factors, it is important to pay attention to the basic elements that make up these topics. The focus of this area of study is studying the development of life on earth through time. This generally includes the times before and after the Cambrian Explosion in which an incredible variety of life forms emerged.The primary focus of this area of study is evolution. Some people will want to include information about where and when the initial living organisms arose. Others may want to include information about the reasons for the em ergence of these life forms. In either case, it is important to be clear in your essay on evolution about the questions that you wish to answer.Essay topics on evolution can also include animals, plants, or other forms of life. Since so many of the organisms that we know about today came about through the process of evolution, it is important to know how to include all of these examples in your essay. This requires clear and accurate information about where the various organisms came from and what they are capable of doing today.There are several different methods for deciding on essay topics on evolution. Some of these methods include taking what people want to say about the subject matter and choosing a way to convey this information to the reader in a manner that clearly communicates their point of view. Other essay topics on evolution may include questions that the student may be required to answer about the topic.As with any course, students are required to complete assignments that require them to write papers and take tests. This means that they are required to read information that is assigned to them and answer questions that have been related to the material that they have been given. When a student has to answer these types of questions about their topic, they will want to be as clear and precise as possible about their answers.There are many different reasons why someone may want to study this topic. Some people may be interested in the history of life, while others may be interested in studying the fossil record of early life. One common reason that people study this topic is because they are interested in the survival of living things.Finally, if you are having difficulty with how to choose essay topics on evolution, the first thing that you should do is find a topic that you are interested in. Once you have decided on a topic, you will want to select a writer who is experienced in writing about evolution and know the basics of the topic. Then, y ou will be able to properly plan out your essay and write your papers and test scores in a way that will be both successful and easy to understand.

No Prohibitions On The Use Of Stem Cells - 1199 Words

No Prohibitions on the Use of Stem Cells In the past century there have been many breakthroughs focused on extending human life. One such discovery is the controversial use of cells taken from human tissue. These are commonly referred to as stem cells. Stem cells are beneficial to human beings from being able to regenerate damaged to cells, to helping find cures to some of the most known diseases such as Rett’s disease, a disease that attacks the nervous system, and to reducing abnormalities in genes that give some humans many genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. Stem cells should not be prohibited regardless if they come from embryotic or adult stem cells. They all are valuable, and, with more research, they can possibly help extend†¦show more content†¦This means they can be specialized and are flexible enough to grow into a muscle cell, skin cell, and many more types of cells. Adult Stem cells can also be referred to somatic stem cells. These cells are cells of the body. An adult stem cell is an undifferentiated cell. It is found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. The adult stem cell can renew itself and can differentiate some or all of the major specialized cell types. The primary roles of the adult stem cell are to maintain and repair the tissue that contains them. There are two ways to identify stem cells. The first way is labeling cells in a living tissue with molecular markers, and then we would determine which of the specialized cells it generates. The second way is a more controversial way. The researcher would first remove the cell from a living animal and inject it into another living organism. This process would determine whether the cells repopulate their tissue of organ. A single adult cell must be able to generate a line of genetically identical cells that then give motivation to all the appropriate and differentiated cell types of the tissue. In a living animal adult stem cells are capable of dividing, if necessary, and can give a rise to mature cell types that have characteristic shapes and specialized

Last Glacial Maximum - Last Major Global Climate Change

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) refers to the most recent period in earths history when the glaciers were at their thickest and the sea levels at their lowest, roughly between 24,000–18,000 calendar years ago (cal bp). During the LGM, continent-wide ice sheets covered high-latitude Europe and North America, and sea levels were between 400–450 feet (120–135 meters) lower than they are today. At the height of the Last Glacial Maximum, all of Antarctica, large parts of Europe, North America, and South America, and small parts of Asia were covered in a steeply domed and thick layer of ice. Last Glacial Maximum: Key Takeaways The Last Glacial Maximum is the most recent time in earths history when the glaciers were at their thickest.  That was approximately 24,000-18,000 years ago.  All of Antarctica, large parts of Europe, North and South America, and Asia were covered by ice.  A stable pattern of glacial ice, sea level, and carbon in the atmosphere has been in place from about 6,700 years.That pattern has been destabilized by global warming as a result of the Industrial Revolution.   Evidence The overwhelming evidence of this long-gone process is seen in sediments laid down by sea level changes all over the world, in coral reefs and estuaries and oceans; and in the vast North American plains, landscapes scraped flat by thousands of years of glacial movement. In the lead up to the LGM between 29,000 and 21,000 cal bp, our planet saw constant or slowly increasing ice volumes, with the sea level reaching its lowest level (about 450 feet below todays norm) when there was about 52x10(6) cubic kilometers more glacial ice than there is today. Characteristics of the LGM Researchers are interested in the Last Glacial Maximum because of when it happened: it was the most recent globally impacting climate change, and it happened and to some degree affected the speed and trajectory of the colonization of the American continents. The characteristics of the LGM that scholars use to help identify the impacts of such a major change include fluctuations in effective sea level, and the decrease and subsequent rise in carbon as parts per million in our atmosphere during that period. Both of those characteristics are similar—but opposite to—the climate change challenges we are facing today: during the LGM, both the sea level and percentage of carbon in our atmosphere were substantially lower than what we see today. We do not as yet know the entire impact of what that means to our planet, but the effects are currently undeniable. The table below shows the changes in effective sea level in the past 35,000 years (Lambeck and colleagues) and parts per million of atmospheric carbon (Cotton and colleagues). Years BP, Sea Level Difference, PPM Atmospheric Carbon2018, 25 centimeters, 408 ppm1950, 0, 300 ppm1,000 BP, -.21 meters -.07, 280 ppm5,000 BP, -2.38 m /-.07, 270 ppm10,000 BP, -40.81 m /-1.51, 255 ppm15,000 BP, -97.82 m /-3.24, 210 ppm20,000 BP, -135.35 m /-2.02, 190 ppm25,000 BP, -131.12 m /-1.330,000 BP, -105.48 m /-3.635,000 BP, -73.41 m /-5.55 The major cause of sea level drop during the ice ages was the movement of water out of the oceans into ice and the planets dynamic response to the enormous weight of all that ice atop our continents. In North America during the LGM, all of Canada, the southern coast of Alaska, and the top 1/4 of the United States were covered with ice extending as far south as the states of Iowa and West Virginia. Glacial ice also covered the western coast of South America, and in the Andes extending into Chile and most of Patagonia. In Europe, the ice extended as far south as Germany and Poland; in Asia ice sheets reached Tibet. Although they saw no ice, Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania were a single landmass; and mountains throughout the world held glaciers. The Progress of Global Climate Change Visitors walking on a trail that leads to the melting and rock-covered Pasterze glacier hike past a lake of glacier water in a rocky basin once filled at least 60 meters deep by glacier ice on August 27, 2016 near Heiligenblut am Grossglockner, Austria. The European Environmental Agency predicts the volume of European glaciers will decline by between 22% and 89% by 2100, depending on the future intensity of greenhouse gases.   Sean Gallup/Getty Images The late Pleistocene period experienced a sawtooth-like cycling between cool glacial and warm interglacial periods  when global temperatures and atmospheric CO2 fluctuated up to 80–100 ppm corresponding with temperature variations of 3–4 degrees Celsius (5.4–7.2 degrees Fahrenheit): increases in atmospheric CO2 preceded decreases in global ice mass. The ocean stores carbon (called carbon sequestration) when the ice is low, and so the net influx of carbon in our atmosphere which is typically caused by cooling gets stored in our oceans. However, a lower sea level also increases salinity, and that and other physical changes to the large-scale ocean currents and sea ice fields also contribute to carbon sequestration. The following is the latest understanding of the process of climate change progress during the LGM from Lambeck et al. 35,000–31,000 cal BP—slow fall in sea level (transitioning out of Ã…lesund Interstadial)31,000–30,000 cal BP—rapid fall of 25 meters, with rapid ice growth especially in Scandinavia29,000–21,000  cal BP—constant or slowly growing ice volumes, eastward and southward expansion of the Scandinavian ice sheet and the southward expansion of the Laurentide ice sheet, lowest at 2121,000–20,000 cal BP—onset of deglaciation,20,000–18,000 cal BP—short-lived sea level rise of 10-15 meters18,000–16,500 cal BP—near constant sea level16,500–14,000 cal BP—major phase of deglaciation, effective sea level change about 120 meters at an average of 12 meters per 1000 years14,500–14,000 cal BP—(Bà ¸lling- Allerà ¸d warm period), high rate of se-level  rise, average rise in sea level 40 mm annually14,000–12,500 cal BP—sea level rises ~20 meters in 1500 years12,500–11 ,500 cal BP—(Younger Dryas), a much-reduced rate of sea-level  rise11,400–8,200 cal BP—near-uniform global rise, about 15 m/1000 years8,200–6,700 cal BP—reduced rate of sea-level  rise, consistent with the final phase of North American deglaciation at 7ka6,700 cal BP–1950—progressive decrease in sea level rise1950–present—first sea rise increase in 8,000 years Global Warming and Modern Sea Level Rise By the late 1890s, the industrial revolution had begun throwing enough carbon into the atmosphere to impact the global climate and start the changes that are currently underway. By the 1950s, scientists such as Hans Suess and Charles David Keeling began to recognize the inherent dangers of human-added carbon in the atmosphere. The global mean sea level (GMSL), according to the Environmental Protection Agency, has risen nearly 10 inches since 1880, and by all measures appears to be accelerating.   Most early measures of current sea level rise have been based on changes in tides at the local level. More recent data comes from satellite altimetry that samples the open oceans, allowing for precise quantitative statements. That measurement began in 1993, and the 25-year record indicates that the global mean sea level has risen at a rate of between 3/-.4 millimeters per year, or a total of nearly 3 inches (or 7.5 cm) since records began. More and more studies indicate that unless carbon emissions are decreased, an additional 2–5 feet (.65–1.30 m) rise by 2100 is likely.   Specific Studies and Long-Term Predictions U.S. Fish and Wildlife ecologist Phillip Hughes inspects dead buttonwood trees which have succumbed to salt water incursion in Big Pine Key, Florida. Since 1963, the Florida Keys upland vegetation is being replaced by salt tolerant vegetation.   Joe Raedle/Getty Images Areas already impacted by sea level rises include the American east coast, where between 2011 and 2015, sea levels rose up to five inches (13 cm). Myrtle Beach in South Carolina experienced high tides in November 2018 which flooded their streets. In the Florida Everglades (Dessu and colleagues 2018), sea level rise has been measured at 5 in (13 cm) between 2001 and 2015. An additional impact is an increase in salt spikes changing the vegetation, due to an increase in inflow during the dry season. Qu and colleagues (2019) studied 25 tidal stations in China, Japan and Vietnam and tidal data indicate that the 1993–2016 sea level rise was 3.2 mm per year (or 3 inches).   Long-term data have been collected throughout the world, and estimates are that by 2100, a 3–6 feet (1–2 meter) rise in the Mean Global Sea Level is possible, accompanied by a 1.5–2 degree Celsius in overall warming. Some of the direst suggest a 4.5-degree rise is not impossible if carbon emissions are not reduced.  Ã‚   The Timing of the American Colonization According to the most current theories, the LGM impacted the progress of human colonization of the American continents. During the LGM, entry into the Americas was blocked by ice sheets: many scholars now believe that the colonists began entering into the Americas across what was Beringia, perhaps as early as 30,000 years ago. According to genetic studies, humans were stranded on the Bering Land Bridge during the LGM between 18,000–24,000 cal BP, trapped by the ice on the island before they were set free by the retreating ice. Sources Bourgeon L, Burke A, and Higham T. 2017. Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. PLOS ONE 12(1):e0169486.Buchanan PJ, Matear RJ, Lenton A, Phipps SJ, Chase Z, and Etheridge DM. 2016. The simulated climate of the Last Glacial Maximum and insights into the global marine carbon cycle. Climate of the Past 12(12):2271-2295.Cotton JM, Cerling TE, Hoppe KA, Mosier TM, and Still CJ. 2016. Climate, CO2, and the history of North American grasses since the Last Glacial Maximum. Science Advances 2(e1501346).Dessu, Shimelis B., et al. Effects of Sea-Level Rise and Freshwater Management on Long-Term Water Levels and Water Quality in the Florida Coastal Everglades. Journal of Environmental Management 211 (2018): 164–76. Print.Lambeck K, Rouby H, Purcell A, Sun Y, and Sambridge M. 2014. Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci ences 111(43):15296-15303.Lindgren A, Hugelius G, Kuhry P, Christensen TR, and Vandenberghe J. 2016. GIS-based Maps and Area Estimates of Northern Hemisphere Permafrost Extent during the Last Glacial Maximum. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 27(1):6-16.Moreno PI, Denton GH, Moreno H, Lowell TV, Putnam AE, and Kaplan MR. 2015. Radiocarbon chronology of the last glacial maximum and its termination in northwestern Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews 122:233-249.Nerem, R. S., et al. Climate-Change–Driven Accelerated Sea-Level Rise Detected in the Altimeter Era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.9 (2018): 2022–25. Print.Qu, Ying, et al. Coastal Sea Level Rise around the China Seas. Global and Planetary Change 172 (2019): 454–63. Print.Slangen, Aimà ©e B. A., et al. Evaluating Model Simulations of Twentieth-Century Sea Level Rise. Part I: Global Mean Sea Level Change. Journal of Climate 30.21 (2017): 8539–63. Print.Willerslev E, Davison J, Moora M, Zobel M, Coissac E, Edwards ME, Lorenzen ED, Vestergard M, Gussarova G, Haile J et al. 2014. Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet. Nature 506(7486):47-51.

Invisible Man Essay Ellisons Influences and Inspirations

Ellisons Influences and Inspirations for Invisible Man All authors draw upon past experiences, people they have known, places they have been, as well as their own philosophy of life to write. Ralph Ellison, in his book Shadow and Act refers to this process when he writes, The act of writing requires a constant plunging back into the shadow of the past where time hovers ghostlike (xix). In preparing to write his novel he notes that, [d]etails of old photographs and rhymes and riddles and childrens games, church services and college ceremonies, practical jokes and political activities observed during my prewar days in Harlem-all fell into place (xxvii). While the novel Invisible Man is not†¦show more content†¦He no doubt used his own reaction to the party as a basis for the Invisible Mans attraction to the Brotherhood. Robert G. OMeally in an article for the Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History entitled Ellison, Ralph notes that his introduction to the party was by way of the writer Richard Wright who was edit ing New Challenge, a leftist magazine, and who asked Ellison to write for the magazine (885). Ellisons eventual disillusionment with the party is reflected in the Invisible Mans rejection of the Brotherhood as self-serving and not actually interested in the rights of Black Americans. The last section of the novel concerns the race riot that ends with the Invisible Man escaping into his hole in the ground to think about what has happened to him and what he is going to do about it. This episode was based on the Harlem race riots of 1943. In an article entitled Harlem Riots of 1935 and 1943 in the Encyclopedia of African- American Culture and History, Gayle T. Tate relates that the Harlem riots of August 1943 started as a result of built up tensions between the people of Harlem and the police. The riots were touched off by an incident between a woman and the management of the Bradock Hotel. When the police arrested this person, another woman and her son attempted to defend her, and the policeShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesHughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop betwee n Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States. As the manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressed contempt for blackRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117 †¢ Customer Service 118 †¢ Job Attitudes 119 †¢ Deviant Workplace Behaviors 119 †¢ Safety and Injury at Work 119 †¢ How Managers Can Influence Moods 120 Summary and Implications for Managers 121 Self-Assessment Library How Are You Feeling Right Now? 98 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Affect Intensity? 104 Myth or Science? We Are Better Judges of When Other s Are Happy Than When They Are

Construction of Health Care for Aged

Question: Describe about the Construction of Health Care for Aged. Answer: Introduction Human offerings places of work comprise an extensive style of types, from little and reasonably normal restorative services to mammoth, difficult, and steeply-priced, educating and inquire about general practitioner's services. Gigantic surgeon's amenities focuses may just comprise the entire extraordinary auxiliary social coverage sorts which are often independent places of work. The ancient expression, "You never get a further opportunity to make a good early introduction" applies to social insurance workplaces. The place of work passes on a message to patients, guests, volunteers, sellers, and staff. The administrative center moreover imparts a downpour of intimations about the association and the restorative care being given there. The pieces of understanding start at how to deal with the place of work, the drop-off variety, the parking garages, and the road signs. In a ultimate world, that message is one that passes on inviting, aware, solace, and sympathy, responsibility to suf ferer prosperity and security, the place push is soothed, asylum is given, regard is answered, skill is symbolized, manner-discovering is motivated, and families are suitable. The administrative center additionally impacts consultant administration mentalities and practices. Completions, signage, and work of art have got to be exactly chosen, throughout composed, and coordinated. Safety can be adjusted with just a few accessories clear to patients/visitors, while passing on a message of wellbeing. Eager define can assurance the excellent viable early introduction is made and managed. The definition of human offerings places of work is represented by countless controls and specialized requirements. It is additionally influenced via numerous much less characterized desires and weights. Essentially the most squeezing of those are group of workers deficiencies, repayments, misbehavior safety, healthcare professional's facility relations, limit, protect the uninsured, continual wellbeing, propels in innovation, and patient success per a late American tuition of Healthcare Executives learn of medical institution CEOs. Design project methodology The whole medicinal offerings framework is underneath high-quality weight to scale back expenses, and meanwhile, be more receptive to "customers". The maturing are the heaviest clients of social insurance administrations, and the expense of the maturing in our populace is expanding essentially. In the meantime, quick mechanical advances, frequently together with totally problematic methods and equipment, make more symptomatic and cure methodology obtainable. The next increment in human offerings costs just isn't with no trouble obliged. Originators find increasing pay attention to constraining each development charges and the expenses of their outline administrations, even as packing development calendars and as yet meeting the most astounding fine units. As rate weights increment, human offerings places of work finally end up in increasing rivalry for both sufferers and employees. Design is most commonly perceived as a critical gadget in drawing in and retaining the pleasant gurus and scientific caretakers, the great HMOs and defense arranges, and essentially the most patients. Customer picks depend upon fee, availability, nature of administration, and nature of restorative care. A tastefully fulfilling place of job is a key a part of the obvious nature of care. Medicinal offerings are a piece severe industry, and fairly a bit of of that work is really talented and generously compensated. Considering that 60 to 75% of doctor's facility fees are work expenses, an outline that increments operational profitability or proficiency and diminishes staffing necessities can majorly have an impact on the primary predicament. (put on Blair, then at Perkins + Will, evaluated that the fee of one full-time staff man or woman is proportional to the obligation advantage on $1 million of acquiring for each Architectural record of may just 1997.) Likewise, operations and help expenditures over the normal 50-year lifestyles cycle of a cure core make contributions as much as eighty% to the situation, so anything originators can do to encourage protection and cut down add up to life-cycle price will have tremendous profits for a most likely little in advance hypothesis. (source: Federal amenities Council.) Adaptability need to be an essential factor of any new human offerings place of job to preserve it from speedy obsolete high-quality even with altering needs and advances. Human offerings place of job wishes are constructing swiftly, and the bearing of that advancement is hard to estimate with any conviction. New equipment developments, new healing approachs, alterations in diseases, and alterations in the patient populace base all outcome the places of work that condominium them. Inpatient care is continuously being diminished whilst outpatient administrations are setting up. There may be increasing accentuation on first-class care items and littler satellite places of work versus tremendous, introduced together places of work. Earlier than, transmittable illnesses were the big health drawback, and sanitation or cleanliness was the important average for a mending or remedial atmosphere. Cleanliness stays significant, yet there may be expanding acknowledgment of the estimation of a exceptional, without problems comprehended, and non-debilitating environment for patient recuperation. For example, the Plane tree health center common sense of "demystifying pharmaceutical" underscores this type of bodily area as a important part of its method. Fine define within the medicinal offerings atmosphere starts off evolved with the aid of perceiving the fundamental valuable needs, nevertheless does now not finish there it should likewise meet the passionate needs of the members who make use of such places of work on celebration of vulnerability, reliance, and stretch. The HIPAA controls handle safety and security of "ensured health data" (PHI). These instructions put accentuation on acoustic and visible safety. Even as HIPAA does now not direct offices define, its strategies for social coverage places of work may influence area and structure of workstations that handle therapeutic records and different sufferer information, paper and digital and in addition quiet lodging. Operational effectiveness of ICT Reviewer analyzes how well a framework meets its objectives from the perspective of a client who cooperates with the system all the time. Four fundamental measures: Ease of use User satisfaction Frequency of use Nature of use Frequency and nature of use of ICT Frequency - utilized broadly, however dangerous At times a superb framework prompts low recurrence of utilization because the framework allows more work to be expert in a shorter timeframe. In some cases a low quality framework prompts a low recurrence of utilization since clients despise the framework. Nature - can utilize frameworks from numerous points of view Least level: regard as black box giving answers for the most abnormal amount: use to rethink how assignments, occupations performed and saw. Implementation There is a recognizable development from surgeon's facility centered intense care to outpatient mind, and toward a more complete, deterrent, and steady care of health and wellness. Maintainability has got to be a concept for the definition of all human offerings places of work. Numerous realistic plan factors can also be consolidated into medicinal offerings office define, including day lighting, vitality and water protection, un-hazardous materials and completes, and supportable operations and protection. Human offerings workplace vitality and water protection norms have got to meet EPAct 2005 and government Order 13693 necessities. The vigor Independence and safety Act of 2007 offers extra necessities to vitality renovation. Technical effectiveness of ICT Has the fitting gear and programming development been utilized to reinforce a system, or, whether an adjustment in the support hardware or programming advancement would empower the structure to meet its destinations better. Gear execution can be measured using hardware screens or more gross measures, for instance, system response time, down time. Programming sufficiency can be measured by taking a gander at the historical backdrop of program support, conformity and run time resource usage. The recorded background of program repair upkeep demonstrates the way of method of reasoning existing in a program; i.e., wide oversight modification construes: unseemly framework, coding or testing; failure to use. Economic effectiveness of ICT Requires the distinguishing proof of expenses and benefits and the proper assessment of expenses and advantages - a troublesome errand since costs and advantages rely on upon the way of the IS. For instance, a portion of the advantages expected and got from an IS intended to bolster a social administration environment would contrast fundamentally from a framework intended to bolster fabricating exercises. The absolute most huge expenses and advantages might be elusive and difficult to recognize, and alongside difficult to esteem. Evaluating system efficiency of ICT The reason behind, why might a reviewer get included in an investigation of framework efficiency is Assess a current operational framework to determine whether its execution can be made strides; assess substitute frameworks that the establishment is considering obtaining or renting. For instance, management might consider two frameworks with different database administration approaches. To figure out if a framework is productive, the evaluator will need to recognize: a proper execution record to survey framework productivity. A proper workload model to gauge the framework's performance with regards to that workload. Performance indices of ICT Measure framework productivity; quantitatively how well framework achieves an effectiveness standard. Have a few capacities: Permit clients to choose whether a framework will address issues, allow examination of substitute frameworks, and demonstrate whether changes to the equipment/programming arrangement of system have created the fancied impact. Communicated utilizing extents or likelihood appropriations - avg. might betray (take a gander at reaction time varieties) Communicated as far as workload - e.g., reaction time of an intuitive framework will shift contingent upon the number and the way of the employments in the framework. ICT aged health care today In driving edge society ICT is ever-compensate, with more noteworthy than three billion members having section to the web. With cycle 8 out of 10 web buyers gladly owning a cell phone, information and comprehension are extending by utilizing bounced and limits. This rapid advancement, particularly in developing universal areas, has driven ICT to raise as a foundation of regular every day presence, wherein presence without some part of advancement renders the goliath lion's share of managerial, work and exercises errands futile. Regardless, deterrents are in any case on the free. "Of the 4.4 billion members not but rather utilizing the web, 90% live in making countries. On this present planet's forty two least associated countries, which may be home to 2.5 billion people, passage to ICTs stays to a top notch degree out of get, especially for these universal areas' huge common populaces. "ICT has however to enter the far away regions of a couple of nations, with innumerable developing country's shortage of a web. This in like manner obliges the availability of PDA lines, mainly the openness of cell phone scope, and unmistakable types of electronic transmission of ability. Basically the most breakthrough "Measuring the information Society record" carefully communicated that the extension in the beforehand said cell ability extension is clear, as "endless customers have different enrollments, with overall advancement considers in a few occasions translating alongside negligible particular trade in the level of accessibility of those at the to a great degree base of the pyramid; a normal 450 million members by and large are living in spots which may be in any case out of accomplish of moveable phone supplier." ICT in education sector Data and verbal exchange technology can add to all inclusive access to guide, price in coaching, the conveyance of worth finding out and instructing, instructors' educated advancement and more potent training administration, administration and group. UNESCO adopts an all encompassing and far accomplishing technique to advancing ICT in training. Get to; incorporation and best are among the most important difficulties they may be able to address. The organization's Intersexual Platform for ICT in guideline concentrates on these issues through the joint work of three of its divisions: verbal exchange and understanding, schooling and Science. Advantages and disadvantages of ICT ICT has many advantages and some disadvantages also as mentioned below- Faster communication: cash may also be spared in gentle of the truth that it is a lot quicker to move data round. With the help of ICT it has became out to be turbo and more effective to contact both a business and relative. We can now examine with any individual around the globe with the aid of well-nigh message informing them, or sending them an electronic mail, for a just about immediate response. The wide accessibility of the web has likewise unfolded vis--vis coordinate correspondence from about at any place on the earth, due to the help of video-conferencing, lengthy range casual communication websites, Skype and a bunch of preparations furnished by means of media communications companies and PDAs in this method making it a long way much less high-priced than beforehand. Online correspondence can unite families/companions crosswise over distances. Globalization - Video conferencing spares money on flights and contract. ICT has now not simply brought the nations and individuals nearer collectively; nonetheless it has permitted the world's economy to come to be a solitary associated framework. This means we can share information rapidly and productively, as well as scale down obstructions of semantic and geographic limits. The arena has shaped right into a international town due to the fact of the help of information innovation, enabling international locations like Ireland and China who're remote via separation as good as via dialect to impart ideas and data to one another. Cost adequacy: It does not hesitate to send an e mail; it is without uncertainty much less expensive than cell calls. ICT has moreover robotized business hones, on this manner rebuilding corporations to make them terribly financially savvy. This, thusly, expands effectively making the trade extra productive; that extra traditionally than not implies higher pay and no more strenuous working conditions. Bigger Availability: ICT has made it possible for firms to be robotized giving customers access to a site or voice message 24 hours a day, 7 days per week. This means a trade can also be open at anything time, at any place, giving a client the capacity to make a purchase from more than a few international locations for that reason making it less difficult and extra important. It moreover implies that you may have your merchandise conveyed right to your doorstep from spots that you just would on no account have had entry to before. Bridging the social gap: better access to innovation has connected the social crevice through peopling from quite a lot of societies to converse with every other, and take into consideration the trading of views and thoughts, thus increasing mindfulness and lessening prejudice. Creation of new employments: most often, the excellent favorable function of ICT has been the making of latest and interesting occupations. Computer developers, systems examiners, Hardware and software engineers, and net planners are simplest a element of the numerous new livelihood openings made with the assistance of ICT. Education: laptop alongside their tasks and the web has made instructive open doors now not available to prior eras. Knowledge is uninhibitedly accessible to all with an online association. Disadvantages Unemployment: exchange "propels in innovation" for "expanded profitability" and the important turn out to be from a piece centered to an innovation empowered economic system can be clarified. Whilst knowledge innovation could have streamlined the business system, it has moreover made occupation redundancies, reducing back, and outsourcing. ICT could make someone more productive at their occupation; an institution can on this method utilize much less participants to finish that employment. For illustration: In a producing plant, proficient experts and engineers can be supplanted by means of pc managed robots which can work quicker, for more and the entire more reliably or expansive corporations who utilized once utilized countless typists they can now be supplanted with the aid of one man or woman utilizing a word processor. Privacy - though knowledge innovation can have made correspondence quicker, less stressful, and more advantageous, it has likewise introduced along safety issues. From phone flag block makes an attempt to email hacking, members are currently agonized over their as soon as private information attending to be open studying. A case of this could be the inserting of microchips n for all intents and functions all that you buy, put on, power and read, enabling retailers and regulation requirement to track buyer matters and, by using enlargement, shoppers wherever they go, from a distance. Lack of job security: professionals in a large assortment of fields trust that ICT has made reliable steadiness a important limitation, considering innovation continues changing almost constantly. This implies men and women must be normally focusing on or very likely staying aware of alterations of their calling, on the off chance that they have to believe comfy in their industry to be relaxed. Overriding Cultures: whilst ICT could have made the world a worldwide town, it has additionally added to at least one tradition devouring a different weaker one. For example, it is presently contended that youngsters in the U.S. Have an impact on how most youthful children all over the place throughout the sector now act, costume, and carry on. Dialects too have gotten to be dominated, with English changing into the foremost procedure of correspondence for industry and the whole lot else. Reliance on technology: Professor Ian Robertson, a neuropsychology master situated at Trinity institution Dublin who did the be trained, said: "contributors have more to don't forget at the moment, and they're relying on innovation for his or her reminiscence nonetheless the much less you utilization of your memory, the poorer it gets to be. This probably reflected in the learn discoveries which reveal that the more than 50s who grew up submitting extra to reminiscence record most well known execution in numerous territories over those under 30 who are intensely stylish on innovation to head about as their day-to-day helper diary." Article right here For example; individuals do not are attempting figuring out the best way to spell seeing that they utilize spell-checker, or need an adding computing device do perform minor option or subtraction. Reliability of understanding any person with entry to a laptop and an internet association internet can a weblog or submit anything up on a site, so considering the fact that something's on the internet doesn't suggest it can be solid. Laptop infections, worms, Trojans, malware, unsolicited mail, phishing-all or any can convey about bedlam and disturb our day by day lives. Conclusion Information and communication technology of health care of aged (ICT) is a general expression for an assortment of more than a few laptop, knowledge and specialized items, purposes, system and administrations. Correspondence technology has ended up valuable in our everyday lives. Each humans and industry make use of correspondence innovation to get what they require. Nonetheless, it likewise has its drawbacks. Correspondence innovation in an association includes things like Voice mail, email, Teleconferences and Compressed video, GDSS pc helped common leadership and virtual fact. References David, R. (2014). Use of information and communication technology (ICT) for dementia patients: From assessment to intervention. Gerontechnology, 13(2). F.I, A. (2012). Promoting Sustainable Development in Nigeria through Information and Communication Technology (Ict). IOSR Journal Of Electronics And Communication Engineering, 3(3), 05-11. Marques, P. (1999). Information Technology and Communication (ICT) for education. Some of its research lines. Educar, 25, 175. Nkanu, W. (2008). Availability and utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) facilities in Nigerian University libraries. Information Technologist (The), 4(2). Purwanto, S. (2011). Information Communication Technology(ICT) and the Challenge of Multicultural Society. OMNES, 2(2). Sengupta, D. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Social and Rural Development. SSRN Electronic Journal. Sewe, F. Factors Affecting the Strategic Growth of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Kenya: A Case Study of ICT Providers in Kenya. SSRN Electronic Journal. Sudarma, M. (2013). Transformation of Information Technology Based on Human Computer Interaction Concept. IJ-ICT, 2(3). Ugwuanyi, F. (2009). Information And Communication Technology (ICT) Literacy Among Academic Librarians In Enugu State. Information Technologist (The), 6(1).

Bend It Like Beckham Review Essay Example

Bend It Like Beckham Review Paper Essay on Bend It Like Beckham Another novelization which I read was quite good, despite the fact that among the worthy books of this genre are extremely rare. The same book is impressive specimen of good literature for children and adolescents, of course, thanks to the skill Narinder Dham, from the pen which is not a childrens book came out. In contrast to the same movie, here all the events are described only by persons Jess, an Indian girl London, which, despite the prohibitions of parents, sees the meaning of his life only in football. She has to make many difficult decisions to make mistakes, lying to parents, to upset them, but its all for the sake of their dreams. I think the book does not give cause for deep reflection, but it allows you to penetrate deep into the Indian culture, to understand how living these families as they live among other cultures, which is also important. There were in the book, as well as in the film, and only a plus. The language is quite easy, the style of the author is notable for good, not even annoying without love interest, although it reserved more than a secondary role, that is in other book, that the story is told from the first face (IMHO). As for the translation, there is, as always, no complaints: some sloppy phrases and irrelevance chosen words strongly catches the eye and slightly spoils the impression. In addition, there are typos, that does not speak in favor of publication. We will write a custom essay sample on Bend It Like Beckham Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bend It Like Beckham Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bend It Like Beckham Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Self novelization value is quite high, because even if you have not watched the movie, the book can capture your attention, and it does not look dry retelling of the film: after all, it is very well reveals the inner world of the protagonist. As for the secondary characters Jules, who offered Jess to play in the womens team and later became her friend, Joe, this very coach the womens team and some other funny characters a little sad that they left behind. Although those who have not watched the movie, it may not seem important, but those who watched their line and so clear. Thats all I wanted to say. The only thing that bothers me now, the way the book was perceived to be me, I do not know its source. =)

How Are Coral Reefs Formed

How Are Coral Reefs Formed Reefs are centers of biodiversity, where youll find many types of fish,  invertebrates and other marine life. But did you know that coral reefs are also alive? What Are Coral Reefs? Before learning how reefs form, its helpful to define a reef.  Acoral reef is made up of animals called stony corals. The stony corals are made up of tiny, soft colonial organisms called polyps. Polyps look a lot like a sea anemone, as they are related to these animals. They are invertebrates in the Cnidaria  phylum. In stony corals, the polyp sits within a calyx, or cup that it excretes. This calyx is made of limestone, also known as calcium carbonate. The polyps are interconnected to form a mass of living tissue over the limestone skeleton.  This limestone is why these corals are called stony corals.   How Do Reefs Form? As the polyps live, reproduce, and die, they leave their skeletons behind.  A coral reef is built up by layers of these skeletons covered by living polyps. The polyps reproduce either through fragmentation (when a piece breaks off and new polyps form) or sexual reproduction through spawning. A  reef ecosystem  may be made up of many species of corals.  Healthy reefs are typically colorful, highly biodiverse areas made up of a mishmash of corals and the species that inhabit them, such as fish,  sea turtles, and invertebrates such as  sponges, shrimp, lobsters,  crabs, and  seahorses.  Soft corals, like  sea fans, may be found within a coral reef ecosystem, but do  not build reefs themselves.   The corals on a reef are further cemented together by organisms like coralline algae, and physical processes like waves washing sand into spaces in the reef.   Zooxanthellae In addition to the animals living on and in reefs, the corals themselves host zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae are single-celled dinoflagellates that conduct  photosynthesis. The zooxanthellae use the waste products of the coral during photosynthesis, and the coral can use the nutrients provided by the zooxanthellae during photosynthesis. Most reef-building corals are located in shallow water where they have plenty of access to the sunlight needed for photosynthesis. The presence of the zooxanthellae helps the reef to thrive and become larger. Some coral reefs are very large. The  Great Barrier Reef, which stretches more than 1,400 miles off the coast of Australia, is the worlds largest reef. 3 Types of Coral Reefs Fringing reefs: These reefs  grow close to the coast in shallow waters.Barrier reefs: Barrier reefs, like the Great Barrier Reef, are large, continuous reefs. They are separated from land by a lagoon.Atolls:  Atolls are ring-shaped and located near the sea surface. They get their shape from growing on top of underwater islands or inactive volcanoes. Threats to Reefs An important part of coral reefs is their calcium carbonate skeleton.  If you follow ocean issues, you know that animals with calcium carbonate skeletons are under stress from ocean acidification  Ocean acidification causes a lowering of the oceans pH, and this makes it difficult for corals and other animals that have calcium carbonate skeletons. Other threats to reefs include pollution from coastal areas, which can affect reef health, coral bleaching due to warming waters, and damage to corals due to construction and tourism. References and Further Information: Coulombe, D.A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster. 246pp.Coral Reef Alliance. Coral Reefs 101. Accessed February 22, 2016.Glynn, P.W. Corals. In  Denny, M.W. and Gaines, S.G. Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. University of California Press. 705pp.NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. Coral Anatomy and Structure. Accessed February 22, 2016.

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Management - Essay Example Accumulating precious metals like gold and silver were considered to be one of the most important indicators of wealth. As a result of this, heavy duty was imposed on exports of gold. Thus the aim of nations is to accumulate more and more precious metals. Trade in the modern world is entirely different from those centuries. Economists had understood that precious metals cannot be set as a benchmark as their reserves are limited. Moreover, colonialism which was one of the major strategies of wealth creation cannot be practiced in the present world. Imports cannot be controlled in the present economy. Nor can the exports be penalized with heavy duties. For an effective balance of trade, a proper import and export level is required. The assumptions of mercantilism are totally against globalization without which economic development cannot happen in the modern world. Mercantilism also involves forceful sales of goods to consumers leaving them no better option. Such practice cannot be ado pted in the modern world. Therefore, it can very clearly be concluded that mercantilism is a bankrupt theory. Falling dollar and rising exports A falling dollar means that dollar is being undervalued against other major currencies. Such a phenomenon will have a huge impact on the export figures. In the case of exporting, dollars are received for the goods that are exported. â€Å"A lower dollar increases the price competitiveness of US exports.† (Economics Help, 2011) When dollar is devalued, more dollars will have to be paid for transactions. Therefore, from the US perspective more dollars will be received in terms of the payments made by importing countries. As a result of this, there will be a temporary increase of revenue for the exports sector. This scenario is highly beneficial for the manufacturing and exporting companies and a little unfavorable for the importing companies. â€Å"A weaker dollar makes it easier for foreign investors to acquire key U.S. assets, such a s manufacturers.† (Duesterberg, 2008) The weak dollar makes American goods cheaper in the global markets. As a result, American exporting companies will reap huge benefits. Companies can generate more profits in this scenario and thereby accumulate more greenbacks in their reserves. This will help the US manufacturing companies to be highly competitive against their Peers. For example, Proctor & Gamble, which produces majority of its products in US, will see an increase in profits when the dollar falls. At the same time, its archrival Unilever, which belongs to Europe, will see its profit diminishing. Therefore, a series of decline in dollar value will benefit the US companies while at the same time hitting the importing companies. Importing companies will have to pay more greenbacks for the goods that are imported into US. This will lead to low profitability for them. Organizational issues of transnational of transnational strategies A transnational strategy is defined as a c ommon strategy that is suitable or acceptable for various markets. â€Å"When employing a transnational strategy, the goal is to combine elements of global and multidomestic strategies.† (Enotes.com, 2011) Transnational strategy was being introduced in order to eliminate the limitations of global strategy. A global strategy may not be suitable for

Existentialist exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Existentialist exercise - Essay Example Rasheed’s focus on existentialism encompasses so many aspects. For instance, his pedagogical outlook encourages inclusivity and non-discriminative system which is fair in terms of race, gender, and other biases inherent in societal setups (Rasheed, 2007). The following discourse analyses educational leadership and pedagogical models based on the views presented by Rasheed (2007). Enforcing the new curricular standards that have been legislated by the government on the initiative of the state education agencies, according to few individuals, increases the problem of indiscipline; moreover, insofar as these ethics are enforced successfully, they tend to divide the students into what can be termed as an â€Å"academically successful minority† and an â€Å"academically discredited majority†(Connel, 1831). By neglecting the fact that classroom contain information as well as people, educators working within the formalistic paradigms have developed a technocratic curriculum that, instead of upholding critical thinking, fosters uncreative, repetitive education concept. As Theodore Sizer speculates; â€Å"Maybe Americans don’t want unnecessary questions for people who need answers. Perhaps in summary, the unchallenged mindlessness of so much of the status quo is truly acceptable; it does not make waves (Sizer, 1992). † Any teacher within this set-up who wants all her students to know more is principally concerned with giving her students more of what she, the skilled knows. Typical of this kind of education then is the teacher lecture. The text books normally provide information and the expert teacher clarifies or embellishes this particular information for her students. Students simply listen and capture notes. â€Å"Testing is generally the characteristic form of assessment, and the test questions characteristically have only one correct answers† (Sizer, 1996). The teacher remains alone as authority, an expert

What is the role and impact of trade in developing countries

What is the role and impact of trade in developing countries Subject: How realistic is free trade in the real world? Critically examine the competing perspectives about the role and impact of trade in developing countries. Explain why you might be pessimistic about the prospect for global growth and development in the future?. The history of free trade is a history of international trade focusing on the developments of open markets and it is common to hear that todays world economic system as being free trade or globalization. Theoretical rationalization as to why a policy of free trade would be beneficial to nations developed over time. Free trade agreements are established to enhance free trade of goods and services, in the belief that they will bring beneficial for all parties involves and lead to further economic develop and growth. But in realistic in real world it is not benefits for developing countries. That make many recession and pessimistic for growth of global in the future. Free trade is a system in which goods, capital, and labor move freely between nations, without barriers hinder the trade process. Many countries have free trade agreements, and many international organizations promote free trade between their members. A number of barriers to trade are removed in a free trade agreement (taxes, tariffs, and import quotas, subsidies and other forms of support to domestic producers), restrictions on the flow of currency are also lifted. Put simply, free trade help foreign companies to trade efficiently, easily, and effectively as domestic producers. There are many free trade agreements around the world, some of which have come into being after much controversy, protest and debate such as: WTO- The World Trade Organization is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. NAFTA -The North American Free Trade Agreement. The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers of trade and investment between the US, Canada and Mexico. APEC- The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim countries (styled Member Economies) that seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region. AFTA- ASEAN Free Trade Area is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. CAFTA- The China- Asean Free trade area. Touted as the worlds biggest Free Trade Area. In realistic, free trade between equal partners may be mutual benefits. But between a strong country and weaker or between a developed country and a developing country, the developed country tend to get more benefit as they have the capacity to sell whereas the developing country in unable to make use of the increased market access. This is so even in agriculture, where developing countries have comparative advantage. After the North American free trade agreement (NAFTA) was signed, Mexico increased exports fruits and vegetables by 50% to the US. But Mexico also increased imports tripled for corn and over 500% for soybean, wheat, poultry and beef from the US. It can see that Mexicos agricultural imports increased more than its exports, so 1.7 million rural jobs have been lost. The reason is very simple, after NAFTAs signing, Mexico reduced its tariffs to zero but the US still did not reduced its subsidies and many agriculture product of the US could sell at lower prices than the production cost. Thus the USs agriculture product swamped the Mexico market. Similar, Australia could not get extra sugar quota in free trade agreement with the US (AUSFTA- The Australia- United States free trade agreement). On beef, it only obtained 18.5% increased in its quota, confined to manufacturing grade beef spread over 18 years or extra half a cow/farm/year. And, in free trade agreement with china (CAFTA- China- Asean free trade area), from 2005 to 2008, Indonesia increased imports by over 150% from china and exports to China increased by around 77%. Moreover, the growth of Indonesians exports to China was mainly driven by raw materials, such as mineral fuels and ores, while the growth of Indonesian imports from China was due to increasing Chinese manufactured goods, ranging from electronics/electrical products and iron/steel products to furniture and textile items. Besides, between the developing countries and developed countries, explicit barriers especially Tariffs have come down but countries find other ways to block goods from other countries, if they are trying to protect domestic jobs or something like that. Or if there is some industry group that has political power and can get special protections for their business. Developed nations tend to do this for labor intensive goods which is exactly what many developing nations are trying to export. Recently Vietnam has faced barriers for selling shoes to the EU, and catfish to the United States. Anti-dumping taxes have been imposed by the US Department of Commerce on Vietnamese frozen catfish exports to the US since August 2003. Vietnamese exporters will be charged at the rate of 63,88 per cent on catfish exports to the US. The decision was made on the basis that American catfish producers claim that Tra and Basa fish imported from Viet Nam were being sold below market rates. Vietnam has prove n that it was not dumping catfish, and the tariff will lift for Vietnam on March 21, 2011. But Vietnam has to face with the new tariff for selling shrimp to US until 2016. For developing countries, instability of domestic economy increases from international trade and economies depends on global trade. Economic of America and EU go down, it would be very hard for developing countries to recover. For instance, recession in the USA led to the increase in unemployment in USA and decrease demand for Australian exports, leading to falling export incomes, lower GDP, lower incomes which leads to lower domestic demand and increased unemployment in this country. From the financial crisis in USA in 2008 which was caused by real estate bubble and under-standard lending operation with the consequence of high inflation and unemployment, lower growth. Massive action in money in the US creates pressure on US dollar, this makes US dollar depreciate against other strong currencies (EUR and Yen), which reduces competitiveness of exports of these countries, forcing the government of these countries to depreciate the domestic currencies by expanding money supply. This lea ds the currency war, causing turbulence in the currency markets and international trade, increasing inflation and restricting the consumption, lower production, lower income and decreasing growth rate of the economy, pushing back the process of the global economy recovery. As a result of the financial crisis in 2008 (the credit crunch for poor households and a decline in housing price), unemployment in USA increases strongly (8.9%) and is predicted not to improve in 2011. According to FED, the growth rate of USA is forecast about 3.4%-3.9% while the prediction of unemployment rate is from 8.8%-8.9%. Economists calculate the growth rate gains 5%, which reduces the unemployment by 1%. This means that its difficult for America to reduce the unemployment rate in the near future. This is also the main reason causing personal consumption declined. Consumer spending, which accounts for 70% of the US economy, will be hampered by unemployment when the need to save more. Moreover, deficit sit uation is estimated to gain 1,480 billion USD in 2011, equivalent with 9.8% GDP of this country (Financial Times), the highest deficit level in the history. However, the USA government still has no action to improve this situation but keep easing monetary policy. In Europe, public debt crisis is the most serious problem in these countries. As a result of global financial crisis, nations fell into deficit state due to borrowing to cover for their spending so much. But the main cause is still the excessive spending and inappropriate financial policies that lead to this situation. Firstly is the rescued package of IMF and EU of 110 billion EUR to save Greece from default threat, next is 85 billion EUR for Ireland and accompanied with tight monetary policy as increasing tax which Ireland has advantage to gain strong growth over past years, reducing spending and saving 15 billion EUR in 4 years to lessen the budget deficit rate from 32% to 3% with GDP. This threat of public debt crisis c an spread Spanish, Portugal and even Italy. Unemployment increases highly in these countries. But one question is raised that when rescued packages expire, whether the effort of IMF, EU and the government can prevent default of many nations and banks. With the total public debt can increase about 100% in the early of year 2014 in Europe, economic growth only gained 2% in 2010 and 1.5% in 2011 and unemployment rate can rise up to 8.3% (Vietnam Plus). The ability of collapse of common currency in this area may occur if this state is not improved. With the approximate rate of 20% global GDP from now to 2014, EU plays an important role in the world, if there is any breakdown in EU, it will be a detrimental consequence for global economy. In Asia, excessive growth in China leads to strong increase of inflation with predicted CPI is 10% and inflation rate is 5% in 2011 (Chinese Statistic Department). Real estate market developed excessively, landing price went up strongly, the landing pri ce in some places increased more than 20 times, even 100 times from the original price. Furthermore, the ease of fiscal and monetary policy with excess in issuing money leads to depreciation and high inflation, which raises the primary commodity price. Not for China, inflation tends to increase in other Asian countries. In the next year, to prevent inflation, the governments need to have tight monetary policies. If the money supply is tightened so much, it can lead to slow growth. But if keeping ease monetary policy, it can cause more inflation and leads the economy to overheat growth. One problem in developing countries is that fluctuations in the currency market is also creating macroeconomic instability threat even more detrimental to recovery process global economy So it is easy to see that economics of some developing countries may fall into recession and growth of developing countries will slow in 2011 and in the next few years. And the growth of global economy will growth very slow, according to World Bank predicts growth of global economy is at 3.3% in 2011 and 3.6% in 2012. Moreover, the recent Japans disasters (Earthquake and Tsunami) cause a big loss for the world economy in the short term. Japan is the place attracting the majority of FDI to some regions in Asia. Japan is the most important trade partner in Asia. Therefore, trade between Japan and other countries in the region will decrease strongly in the short term, accompanying with high inflation, the growth rate of Asia will slow down. Moreover, the economy of America will also be affected by Japans disaster. Export occupies by 10% GDP of America in which exports to Japan occupy by 5%, so this detriment on the USA economy is not small (Info TV). This calamity also affects the count ries which have big export turnover to Japanese market. One threat of the global inflation is that the increased oil price due to instability of Middle East and Africa, anxious psychology of violent prospect spreading out everywhere, the oil supply cant meet the recovery of the world economy, big demand of imported fuel of China and India (CNN, Foxnews). Economists worry about the possibility of the oil price increasing in some years, which causes a big pressure of increased price for most commodities in the world, decreasing the global growth, increasing inflation. That is reason why might be pessimistic about the prospects for growth and development in the future.

The 1819 Manchester Massacre and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Masque of Anarc

The 1819 Manchester Massacre and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Masque of Anarchy Sometimes a person is beyond all reach of society. Percy Bysshe Shelley was in Italy on August 16, 1819, during an event which shook his native England. The next month, word reached Italy, and upon receiving word of the protest gone awry, he immediately started work on a poem, and finished it before the end of the month (White 105). It became â€Å"The Masque of Anarchy.† Written in light of the 1819 Manchester Massacre, it demonstrates Shelley’s political stance, in that he detested the British government yet was terrified of the chaos and violence of a revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Manchester Massacre, also called the Peterloo Massacre due to the name of the specific location--St. Peter’s Field--as well as its temporal proximity to the battle of Waterloo, took place on the field in the city, and featured such noted speakers of the day as Richard Carlile, John Cartwright, and Henry Hunt, all known for their contrarian views of the government (Bloy). The people there had gathered--fifty to sixty thousand outside of the city of only two hundred thousand, a fourth of the normal population--to protest, among other things, misrepresentation in Parliament (Manchester and other new industrial cities didn’t have any parliamentary representation, but much, much smaller townships did). However, such a large gathering, peaceful or not, would and did arouse the suspicions of the government, especially a bloated and corrupt government like England’s in the early nineteenth century. The English government, fearful of a violent uprising, took the first strike and sent more than sixteen hundred troops: cavalry, infantry, artillery, and even dispatched the local yeomanry and co... ... but also refreshes and soothes the mind from its radical feelings. Sources Cited: Bloy, Marjie. â€Å"The Peterloo Massacre, 16 August 1819.† A Web of English History. 18 Aug. 2001. 9 May 2002 . Cameron, Kenneth Neill. Shelley: The Golden Years. Cambridge: Harvard, 1974. â€Å"Map of Peterloo.† Peterloo. 29 Dec. 2000. 9 May 2002 . â€Å"Peterloo Massacre.† Peterloo. 29 Dec. 2000. 9 May 2002 . Noyes, Russell. â€Å"Percy Bysshe Shelley.† English Romantic Poetry and Prose. New York: Oxford, 1967. 954-965. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. â€Å"The Mask of Anarchy.† English Romantic Poetry and Prose. Ed. Russell Noyes. New York: Oxford, 1967. 1052-1057. White, Newman Ivey. Shelley. Vol. 2. New York: Octagon, 1972.

Oregon Wines Essay

Although winemaking dates back to 1840’s, in Oregon, commercial production began in 1960’s (Hall). Having a relatively short history of 50 years, today, Oregon is the third largest wine producer state of United States. As of 2009, the state hosts to 453 wineries which are mostly small and family-owned (Wine Communications Group). History of the Oregon Wine Industry The first grape plantation in the region was made by horticulturist Henderson Luelling, in Willamette Valley by 1847. By the 1850’s Peter Britt started growing wine grapes in his Valley View Vineyard, today’s Applegate Valley. According to the census; in 1860, wine production was 11,800 litres (2,600 gallons) in Oregon (Hall). By the 1880’s, Edward and John von Pessls planted Zinfandel, Riesling, and an unkown variety of Sauvignon in southern Oregon. At the same times in the north, in Willamette Valley, Ernest Reuter has been growing Klevner wines which brought him a gold medal at St. Louis World’s Fair of 1904 (Hall). The wine industry in Oregon closed down in 1919 because of the Prohibition. It revived by the late 1930’s as a fruit wine-based producer region. At that time there were only two producers, Louis Herbold and Adolph Doener growing grapes. Oregon’s wine industry was also damaged by the success of California winemakers (Hall). The rebirth of Oregon wines dates back to 1961, when Richard Sommer founded Hill Crest Vineyard near Roseburg. Although the production was based on Riesling, he also planted some Gewurztraminer, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Sauvignon. In 1965, David Lett, the owner of Eyrie Vineyard, planted his first Pinot Noir near Convallis and after 1966, continued the production at Willamette Valley in the Dundee hills. This was the beginning of the era of Pinot Noir which Oregon is nowadays famous for (Hall). By the 1970’s many winemakers immigrated to Oregon from California. Some of them where David and Ginny Adelsheim, Dick Erath, Dick and Nancy Ponzi, Jerry and Ann Preston, Pat and Joe Campbell, Susan and Bill Sokol Blosser and Myron Redford. However, David Lett was the one who placed Oregon on the world’s wine map. In 1980, 1975 Eyrie Vineyard’s South Block Reserve Pinot Noir came second in the grand tasting of wines sponsored by the French Gault Millau guide and this called the attention of press to Oregon as a wine producer state (Hall). In 1990, Oregon was hosted to 70 wineries and 320 growers in 5,682 acres vineyard. In the early 1990s, Oregon wine industry got into the danger of Phylloxera infestation which was prevented quickly by the use of resistant rootstocks. Some beneficial laws for winemakers were enacted by the Oregon Legislature in 1995. For instance, direct in-state shipment from wineries to customers and in-store tasting were legalized (Chemeketa Community College). In 2000, the number of wineries had increased to 135 and 500 growers had been engaged in grapery in 10,500 acres vineyard. In the 2000’s producers have began giving importance to â€Å"green† wine production in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). An Oregon non-profit organization, Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. , has been certifying wineries for meeting certain environmental standards (Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. ) In 2005, there were 314 wineries and 519 vineyards in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). Grape Varietals Grown in Oregon Red Wine Varieties| White Grape Varieties| Baco Noir| Chardonnay| Barbera| Chenin Blanc| Black Muscat| Early Muscat| Cabarnet Franc| Gewurtztraminer| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Huxelrebe| Carmine| Melon| Dolcetto| Muller Thrugau| Gamay Noir| Muscat Canelli| Grenache| Pinot Blanc|. Leon Millot| Pinot Gris| Malbec| Riesling| Marechal Foch| Sauvignon Blanc| Merlot| Scheurebe| Petit Verdot| Semillon| Pinot Meunier| Viognier| Pinor Noir| | Sangiovese| | Syrah| | Zinfandel| | (Bernard’s Wine Gallery) Types of Wine Produced in Oregon In Oregon, wine production is mostly based on Pinot Noir and the state is one of the first Pinot-producing regions in the world. Apart from the list below indicating the wine varieties, the state also produces sparkling wine, late harvest wine, ice wine, and dessert wine (Hall). Red Wine Varieties| White Wine Varieties|. Produced in great amount| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Gewurtztraminer| Pinot Noir| Muller Thurgau| Syrah| Pinot Blanc| | Sauvignon Blanc| | Semillon| Produced in smaller amount| Baco Noir| Arneis| Cabarnet Franc| Chenin Blanc| Dolcetto| Viognier| Gamay Noir| | Grenache| | Marechal Foch| | Malbec| | Muscat| | Nebbiolo| | Petit Syrah| | Sangiovese| | Tempranillo| | Zinfandel| | Viticultural Area of Oregon Willamette Valley â€Å"Willamette Valley is the largest AVA of Oregon, running from the Columbia River in Portland south through Salem to the Calapooya Mountains outside Eugene†. The valley is 150 miles long and almost 60 miles wide (Oregon Wine Board). In the valley, summers are generally warm and arid and the winters are cool and rainy. It is ideal for cool climate grapes due to its temperate climate and coastal marine influences. During the growing season, the valley has more daylight hours than other areas of Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). â€Å"The Willamette Valley is an old volcanic and sedimentary seabed that has been overlaid with gravel, silt, rock and boulders brought by the Missoula Floods from Montana and Washington between thousands of years ago. Red Jory soil is the most common volcanic type in the region and provides excellent drainage for superior quality wine grapes. † (Oregon Wine Board) â€Å"The valley is surrounded by the Coast Range to the west, the Cascades to the east and a series of hill chains to the north† (Oregon Wine Board). The Willamette River runs through the middle of the valley. Most of the vineyards are concentrated on the west of this river, on the slopes of the Coast Range, or among the valleys and they are mostly located a few hundred feet above sea level (Oregon Wine Board). Columbia Valley Although the Columbia Valley AVA is an 11 million acre growing region, only a small section with 185 miles wide and 200 miles long lies in Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). The valley has a mostly continental high desert climate. The hot days and cool nights provide slow, even ripening and helps grapes keep their natural acidity. Annually, the area only receives 6 to 8 inches of rainfall which makes supplemental irrigation essential in the entire region (Oregon Wine Board). The area is covered with silt and sand which was deposited about 15,000 years ago. The deposited silt and sand came to the region 15,000 years ago because of a series of massive ice age floods and wind-blown loess sediment. Today the region is mostly covered by loess (fine grained calcerous silt) which is well drained and ideal for grapevines (Oregon Wine Board). The Columbia Valley mostly lies on the Columbia River Plateau. The valley is bordered by the mountain ranges on the west and north, by the Columbia River on the south and by the Snake River near Idaho on the east (Oregon Wine Board). Walla Walla Valley. As a sub-appellation of the Columbia Valley AVA, The Walla Walla Valley AVA is in the northeast of Oregon. Although most of the wineries of Walla Walla Valley are located in Washington, almost half of the vines are produced in the Oregon side (Oregon Wine Board). The region has long sunshine-filled days and cool evening temperatures. Annual rainfall is 12. 5 inches due to the Cascade Mountain Range. Therefore, irrigation is necessary for grape growing (Oregon Wine Board). The soils of the region consist of varying combinations of well-drained loam, cobbles, silt and loess (Oregon Wine Board). The valley is located at the foot of the Blue Mountains, with vineyard elevations varying from 650 to 1,500 feet. Cascade Mountain Range borders the western side of the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Umpqua Valley The Umpqua Valley AVA is surrounded by the Coast Range from the west, the Cascade Range from the east, the Willamette Valley AVA from the north and the Rogue Valley AVA from the south. The valley is 65 miles long and 25 miles wide. Umpqua River runs nearby the valley (Oregon Wine Board). There are three different climatic sub-zones in the valley. First one is the northern area around the town of Elkton which has a cool, marine-influenced climate suitable for cool-climate grape varieties. Annual rainfall is around 50 inches; therefore, the viticulturists only benefit from the rain to grow their vines. Second is the central area to the northwest of Roseburg which has an intermediate climate allowing both cool and warm varieties to grow. Last area is located on the south of Roseburg. It is suitable for warm-climate varieties, such as Tempranillo, Syrah and Merlot. This area is more arid which makes irrigation necessary (Oregon Wine Board). The Valley has diverse soils with more than 150 soil types. â€Å"The valley floor levels have mostly deep alluvial or heavy clay materials, while the hillsides and bench locations have mixed alluvial, silt or clay structures† (Oregon Wine Board). The Umpqua Valley is made up of a series of interconnecting small mountain ranges and valleys. The complex topography of the valley is a result of the collision of the Klamath Mountains, the Coast Range and the Cascades (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley The Rogue Valley AVA is located in the border of California. It is 70 miles wide by 60 miles long. Rogue Valley has the highest elevations of Oregon’s winegrowing regions on the east. However, it is also the warmest and the driest, allowing the winemakers to grow warm-weather varieties such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc. Cool-weather varieties, including Pinot noir do well here due to the mountain and ocean influences (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley has various soil types, ranging from sandy loam to hard clay (Oregon Wine Board). Vineyards are generally located 1,200 to 2,000 feet above the sea level and planted on hillsides. The Klamath Mountains, the Coastal Range and the Cascades converging in Rogue Valley lead to a diverse landscape. Besides, the namesake river and its tributaries, the Applegate, Illinois and Bear Creek Rivers run though the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Viticultural Practices in Oregon In Oregon, viticulturists mainly use vertical shoot position (VSP) training. However, combination of Scott Henry and Lyre is also used, with lesser amounts of GDC and hanging. Standard rootstocks used in Oregon are 101-14 and 3309, with a lot of 5C and SO4. Low to moderate vigor sites are being developed to keep the canopies small. Although some meter by meter plantings exist, majority of the vineyards are falling into the 8Ãâ€"4 to 9Ãâ€"5 range for quality. Creative viticultural practices are being used in Oregon, for example, â€Å"Joel Myer, a local vineyard consultant, uses a sensible linear feet of trellis formula to determine yields. He suggests that a pound of fruit per foot of trellis will give optimal fruit quality. At Bethel Heights Vineyard, Ted Casteel thins all Pinot Noir to one cluster per shoot. He is also experimenting with planting vines side by side, about a foot apart, and training to single guyot, to increase vine competition and slow vigor. He is also taking one of his most successful Pinot Noir fields on vertical shoot position (VSP) training and converting it to Scott Henry, just to see if opening the canopy will help enhance the ripening process and flavor development (Chien). † â€Å"Oregon has been committed to sustainable winegrowing and earth-friendly practices. Numerous vineyards of the state are certified sustainable, organic, or biodynamic† (Voorhees). Two main organizations that certify Oregon’s vineyards and wineries as sustainable are LIVE and OCSW. Low Input Viticulture & Enology (LIVE). LIVE is an organization that provides education and independent third-party certification approving that the vineyards and wineries use international standards of sustainable viticulture and enology practices. They have been certifying vineyards and wineries in Oregon since 1999, in Washington since 2006 and nowadays in all of the Pacific Northwest. LIVE cooperates with Salmon-Safe in order to point out the watershed impacts and administers the Carbon Reduction Challenge, an organization helping wineries achieve energy efficiencies (Voorhees). Oregon Certified Sustainable Wine (OCSW). Founded in 2008, OCSW highlights the commitment of Oregon wineries to the responsible grape growing and winemaking. The organization certifies wine growers who meet both agricultural and winemaking requirements on sustainability and provides them a certification logo to be easily recognized by customers. To meet the agricultural requirements, 97% of the grape must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance and Salmon-Safe. On the other hand, to meet the winemaking requirements, the winery must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance (Voorhees). Producers within Oregon Valley View Winery Valley View Winery, owned by Wisnovsky family, is located in the Applegate Valley AVA, Southern Oregon. Valley View was founded in 1972 and it is one of the oldest wineries in Oregon. Valley View is famous for its pioneering efforts in producing Bordeaux varieties and blends. They mainly use grapes from the Applegate and Bear Creek Valleys of Southern Oregon’s Rogue Valley and produce Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Tempranillo, Viognier, Sauvignon blanc, Rousanne, Chardonnay and Syrah (Valley View Winery). The Eyrie Vineyards. The Eyrie Vineyards was founded by David Lett in 1966. It is composed of 49 acres in several different vineyards in Dundee Hills, Oregon which is a sub-American Viticultural Area (AVA) of Willamette Valley AVA. David Lett produced the first Pinot gris in the United States and first Pinot Noir in the Willamette Valley. The Eyrie Vineyards divide their production into three as Estate Reserve wines, Estate wines, and Limited Bottlings. All grapes for their Estate Reserve wines; Pinot noir and Chardonnay, come from Eyrie’s original planting. This is the oldest plating in the Willamette Valley at 40 years. The grapes for Eyrie’s Estate wines come mostly from their three other vineyards; Stonehedge, Sisters, and Rolling Green Farm which were planted in the 1980’s. They grow Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay. Finally, their small production, limited bottling wines include Muscat Ottonel, Pinot Blanc and Pinot Meunier (The Eyrie Vineyards). Abacela Vineyard and Winery In 1992, Earl and Hilda Jones bought a 19th century homestead in southern part of the Umpqua Valley to produce Tempranillo wines which they fell in love to in Spain. In 1994 they built the winery and began planting the Tempranillos they purchased from California. They chose the Umpqua Valley because of its similar climate to the one of Spain’s Rioja and Ribera del Duero regions where Tempranillo grapes are grown. Today, in addition to the eight different Tempranillo clones at Abacela, they grow grapes and produce wine from Spain’s white variety, Albarino, as well as other Iberian varieties including Graciano, Tinta roriz and Bastardo (used in the production of port-style wines) and French varieties such as Syrah, Grenache, Cabernet sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, Petit verdot and Viognier (Wines Northwest). Bibliography â€Å"Abacela Vine & Wine Center in Oregon’s Umpqua Valley Wine Region. † Wines Northwest. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"About The Eyrie Vineyards. † The Eyrie Vineyards. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. . Chien, Mark L. â€Å"The Oregon Wine Community and Its Viticulture. † Pennsylvannia Wine Grape Network. Penn State Cooperative Extension, n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Hall, Lisa Shara. â€Å"History of the Oregon Wine Industry. † History of the Oregon Wine Industry. Ed. Mitchell Beazley. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"History of Oregon Wine. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 May 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Northwest Viticultural Center: Oregon Wine Historical Milestones. † Discover Chemeketa Community College. Chemeketa.