Pakistans Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management free essay sample

Pakistan Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management Pakistan Discussion Draft, December 2006  © 2006 Asian Development Bank and the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center. All rights saved. Distributed 2006 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Imprinted in the Philippines. ADB encouraged this examination through its Regional Technical Assistance 6291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The Study was driven by the CAI-Asia Secretariat and the data contained in this report was created by the CAI-Asia Secretariat with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else. The perspectives communicated in this report are those of the creators and don't really mirror the perspectives on ADB or its Board of Governors or the Governments they speak to. ADB doesn't ensure the exactness of the information remembered for the distribution and acknowledges no duty regarding any outcome of their utilization. The term â€Å"country† doesn't suggest any judgment by ADB to the legitimate or different status of any regional element. Chapter by chapter list Tables and Figures Abbreviations Acknowledgments General Information Geography and Climate Population and Urbanization Economy and Industry Energy Transportation Sources of Air Pollution Status of Air Quality (State) Air Quality Monitoring System Air Quality Data Impacts of Air Pollution Air Quality Management Legal Basis and Mandate Ambient Air Quality Standards Management of Mobile Sources Management of Stationary Sources Management of Area Sources and Dust Public/Nongovernment Participation Conclusion References v vi 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 3. 1 3. 2 4. 1 5. 1 5. 2 Hourly Average Ambient Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Pakistani Cities in 2000 Climatic Conditions for the Four Cycles Annual Costs of Health Impacts of Ambient Particulate Air Pollution (Billion Rs) Proposed Measures to Address Air Pollution in Pakistan in PCAP SO2 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Oil and Coal Power Plants and Corresponding Emissions Limits 5 6 8 10 1 Figure s 1. 1. 2 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3. 4 3. 5 Primary Energy Supplies in Pakistan by Source, 2004â€2005 Number of Registered Motor Vehicles in Pakistan 48-hour Mean of PM10 in Major Pakistani Cities 48-hour Mean of SO2 in Major Pakistani Cities NOx Levels in Major Pakistani Cities Ambient Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide in Di? erent Cities in Pakistan O3 Levels in Major Pakistani Cities 2 3 6 7 Box 5. 1 Lahore’s Initiatives to Improve Air Quality 11 Truncations ?g/m3 ADB AQ AQM Btu CAIâ€Asia CDG CNG CO CO2 ENERCON EPA FERTS GDP GEF IAEA IM JICA km km2 ktoe LPG MoE NEAP NGO NO2 NOx micrograms per cubic meter Asian Development Bank air quality air quality administration British warm unit Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities City District Governments packed flammable gas Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide National Energy Conservation Center Environmental Protection Agency Fuel E? iency in Road Transport Sector GDP Global Environment Facility International Atomic Energy Agency investigation and upkeep Japan International Cooperation Agency kilometer square kilometer kilotons of oil proportional lique? ed oil gas Ministry of Environment National Environmental Action Plan nongovernment association Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxide/s NWFP O3 PAH PCAP PEPC PM PM10 PM2. 5 ppb ppm RON SO2 SOx SPM SUPARCO toe TSP UNDP UNEP USEPA VOC Northâ€West Frontier Province Ozone olyaromatic hydrocarbons Pakistan Clean Air Program Pakistan Environmen t Protection Council particulate issue particulate issue with a measurement not in excess of 10 microns particulate issue with a breadth not more than 2. 5 microns parts for each billion sections for every million Research Octane Number Sulfur dioxide Sulfur oxide/s Suspended Particulate Matter Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission huge amounts of oil proportional all out suspended particulates United Nations Development Program United Nations Environment Program United States Environmental Protection Agency unpredictable natural mixes Note: â€Å"$† implies â€Å"US dollar† in this distribution. Affirmations This arrangement of nation reports is the ? rst time that a complete outline of urban air quality administration (AQM) at the nation level has been set up in Asia. Exploration assemblage for this nation blend report (CSR) on Urban Air Quality Management was driven by the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAIâ€Asia) Secretariat, with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else and encouraged by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through its Regional Technical Assistance No. 291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The essential creators of the reports are Ms. Aurora Fe Ables, Ms. May Ajero, Mr. Herbert Fabian, and Ms. Ninette Ramirez, all from CAIâ€Asia, under the oversight of Mr. Cornie Huizenga, Head of Secretariat, CAIâ€Asia. The CSRs were set up with help from volunteer creators from the di? erent nations and enco uraged by CAIâ€Asia neighborhood organizes in Nepal (Clean Air Networkâ€Nepal), (Pakistan Clean Air Network), Philippines (Partnership for Clean Air [PCA]), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) (CAIâ€Asia Project O? e), Sri Lanka (Clean Air Sri Lanka), and Viet Nam (Viet Nam Clean Air Partnership). CAIâ€Asia nearby systems have additionally sorted out in the particular nations an advancement accomplices meeting on clean air where beginning drafts of the CSRs were introduced to neighborhood AQM partners. For the Pakistan Country Synthesis Report, CAIâ€Asia stretches out its sincerest gratitude to Director Zia Ul Islam of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency for surveying the report and giving extra data. Mr. Mohammad Aqib, Coordinator of the Pakistan Clean Air Network; Mr. Ahmad Saeed of the World Conservation Union (IUCN); and Mr. Hassaan Ghazali, Research Analyst, Urban Unit of the Government of Punjab, have been instrumental in thinking of a ? rst draft of the report and for giving extra data. CAIâ€Asia might want to express gratitude toward ADB for encouraging the examination, and particularly to Mr. Masami Tsuji, Senior Environment Specialist; Dr. David McCauley, Senior Environmental Economist; and Mr. Nessim Ahmad, Directorâ€all from the Environment and Social Safeguard Division, Regional and Sustainable Development Departmentâ€for giving direction. Ms. Glynda Bathan, Mr. Michael Co, Ms. Agatha Diaz, and Ms. Gianina Panopio of CAIâ€Asia are likewise recognized for their strategic and specialized help for the CSR group. CAIâ€Asia and the particular nation Ministries of Environments explored the volumeâ€with specialized audit contributions from Prof. Candid Murray of Murdoch University. Ms. Agnes Adre and Ms. Mama. Theresa Castillo copyedited this arrangement of nation reports. Mr. Segundo dela Cruz, Jr. taken care of the visual communication and the design.  » Part One General Information Geography and Climate Pakistan is isolated into four significant regions that for the most part compare to the major geological developments in the nation: the Northâ€West Frontier Province (NWFP) in the good countries up north flanking Afghanistan and the People’s Republic of China; the Balochistan Plateau; and Punjab and Sindh Provinces in the fields separated by the Indus River. These fields are the most ripe and furthermore the most thickly populated territory in Pakistan. The nation has a wide altitudinal variety spreading over various biological locales going from waterfront environments; deserts; ? odplains; and mountains, for example, the Himalayas and Hindu Kush ranges, covering a territory of 796,095 square kilometers (km2). The atmosphere is commonly dry, described by sweltering summers and cool winters, and wide varieties between boundaries of temperatures at given areas. Pakistan has four seasons, with temperatures extending from 0 °C to 32 °C, which somewhat in? uence the devel opment of air toxins. Wind speed, which is fundamental for ? ushing air contamination, is low in its significant urban communities. In the dry and low wind days, regular residue and anthropogenic contamination sets aside longer effort to scatter (Pakistan EPA 2005). Karachi has an expected populace of 11. 97 million individuals, with a thickness of 3,394 people/km2, while Lahore has 6. 49 million individuals, with a thickness of 6,396 people/km2 in 2006. Karachi turned into the capital of Pakistan when the nation picked up autonomy in 1947 and, accordingly, accomplished quicker paces of urbanization contrasted with different urban communities. The port of Karachi and the close by port of Qasim have considerably added to the development of the city and its economy. Karachi is considered as the ? nancial focal point of Pakistan (Wikipedia 2006b,c). With quick development and the centralization of exercises and interests in Karachi, the Government wanted to build up another capital where government offices and capacity can be concentrated. In 1960, the capital was moved to Islamabad, which is found quickly north of Rawalpindi. Urban development in Islamabad was delayed at ? rst, yet started to get when all the significant government structures were worked during the 1980s. Islamabad’s nearness to Rawalpindi (around 5 kilometers [km]) has brought about solid linkages among its urban administrations and a bigger conurbation. Economy and Industry Pakistan’s economy developed, from 2002 to 2004, because of changes in government strategies and the resumption of universal loaning. The country’s total national output (GDP) accomplished record development rates, joined by light degrees of speculation and maintainable ? scal balances. Its GDP development rate has expanded, from a low of 1. 9% in 2001, to a high of 8. 4% in 2005 (ADB 2006). Pakistan is considered as one of the quickest developing economies in

Why China Is A Threat To India History Essay

Why China Is A Threat To India History Essay 1. The Chinese authority accepts that contention is expected generally to the greedy job of the foe, and that in this lose-lose setting the use of brutality is profoundly adequate for managing the adversary. These suspicions for the most part convert into inclination for hostile procedures followed by continuously less coercive ones, where convenience is positioned last. This makes struggle over an area and other center interests of the Chinese system and the PLA almost certain if the other state will not suit to Chinese goals.1 2. The Chinese safeguard white paper for the year 2008 fundamentally investigations the world security circumstance and plainly brings out Chinas eagerness to assume a significant job in worldwide undertakings. China additionally gives out its military approach as that of dynamic safeguard, which implies that China can dispatch a pre emptive if the need be so. The white paper likewise gives out plausible reasons regarding for what reason would China go on war with any country. The white paper states World harmony and advancement are confronted with different troubles and difficulties. Battles for key assets, key areas and vital strength have escalated. In the interim, hegemonism and force legislative issues despite everything exist, territorial unrest continues overflowing, hotspot issues are expanding, and nearby clashes and wars continue rising. 2 The purposes behind likely battle (clashes) as given in the white paper in setting of India are being broke down underneath: (a) Strategic Resources. Vital assets in Indian setting which could influence Sino-Indian relations could be water, flammable gas, oil, investigation rights over ocean and in different landmasses/countries. The Chinese goal-oriented arrangement to occupy waterway Brahmaputra before it enters India could be potential reason for struggle. In addition, China sees water of the yarlem Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) as a significant characteristic asset, particularly for its North Western areas. Chinas reliance on imported oil will proceed to rise and it is surveyed that by 2010, it will import 61% of its oil prerequisites and by 2020, the figure will ascend to 76.9%. Indias oil imports by 2020 are probably going to be 91.6%. 3 dominant part of Chinas oil (about 54% ) 4 is imported from the African mainland while lion's share of Indian oil imports are from the center east nations. Chinas oil imports should cross the Indian sea, where Indian Navy has the potential and ability to prohibit these vital supplies. China sees this as a significant shortcoming and is attempting to balance the Indian Navy by its string of pearl approach. Particularly the port that China is creating at Gwadar in Pakistan could give China a base from where Indian oil supplies could be compromised. Chinese investment in against theft activities in the Gulf of Aden, could give the PLAN understanding of directing tasks far away from the territory. This could prove to be useful particularly in keeping the dangers from Indian Navy under control if there should be an occurrence of a contention. (b) Strategic Locations. Chinas saw vital outskirts can be said to incorporate the Indian Ocean and the Malacca waterways toward the South West, South China Sea, the East China ocean, notwithstanding the momentum regional limits and guaranteed defense over the previously mentioned regions. 5 As interests among India and China conflict in these districts, clashes can't be precluded. China likewise sees Central Asian Republics as significant and key areas because of the tremendous measure of gas holds there. China has additionally put forth attempts to set up its quality in a way in order to make sure about its ocean paths of interchanges, import gas through pipelines keeping away from shipment through Indian Ocean where India can impact Chinese delivery, and furthermore to procure key bases, for example, Gwadar in Pakistan, Coco islands to have the option to build up key maritime abilities. The reaons for strife with India will continue expanding any place intrigues conflict. (c) Strategic Dominance. China sees itself as one of the significant powers on the planet and the main force in Asia. Mr Barak Obama named it as the pioneer among Asian nations during his lady visit to China. China likewise tries to be an incredible country best in class. In the Chinese journey for enormity Chinese investigators feel that two countries, Japan and India could be impediments in its street to significance. Japan in view of the domineering heritage from history and India because of its disparities with China. The Tibet Issue 3. China attacked and caught Tibet in 1956. Indian feeling about Chinese control of Tibet has changed over some stretch of time and India currently perceives Tibet as a piece of China. Nonetheless, Chinese despite everything feel that India through the Dalai Lama attempts to bring to fore the Tibet issue. In any case, Indias backing to China during the counter China dissents by Tibetans in the approach the past Olympics, Chinas question of India has never lessened and could be utilized as an apparent reason for strife against India by China. Regional Dispute 4. Today the line of real control by the two sides in the in the eastern part fits in with the McMahon Line. The contested region between the pre-1914 external line and the McMahon Line covers an all out zone of 90,000 square kilometers. As per China this region contains Tibets three regions of Monyul, Loyul and Lower Zayul; and as indicated by India, this region is its Arunachal Pradesh. In the western segment, the line of genuine control runs generally along the Karakoram Range, complying with the Chinese case. The Indian Government in any case, guarantees that the limit runs along the Kunlun go from the Karakoram pass. The contested territory is the Aksai Chin locale between the two territories, covering a complete region of around 33,000 square Kilometers. This territory falls essentially in Chinas Xinjiang and Part of it has a place with the Ari region of Tibet. The Indian government guarantees that it is a piece of its Ladakh region of the territory of Jammu and Kashmir. This r egion is meagerly possessed, serving just as the traffic supply route connecting Xinjiang with Tibet. The uncertain outskirt contest has been an aggravation in Indo China relations and can be a potential reason for struggle in future. Ongoing Diplomatic Struggles 5. Chinas ongoing responses over Indian executives visit to Arunachal Pradesh, Dalai Lamas visit to a similar spot and giving visa to Indian Kashmiris on a different paper have been seen has discretionary offensives by China to contain India. Experts feel that China could be searching for motivations to dispatch a quick political hostile against India in future to determine the fringe issues in support of its. China has settled its fringe questions with those areas which are moderately more fragile. 6 It could be derived that China needs to determine its questions with different countries from a solid position in order to increase a beneficial arrangement. Besides, standardization of relations with Taiwan offers China the adaptability to change powers from its Eastern fringes to the outskirts neighboring India. China Pakistan Nexus 6. China has been helping Pakistan militarily and in atomic innovation to build up a foil for India and to contain India in South Asian area. Fare of military innovation and equipment and secret help to Pakistan in for creating key weapons, for example, rockets and atomic weapons mocking every single global standard is viewed as a push to weaken Indias military potential. China doesn't at present wish to perceive any strains on its fringes with India. And yet, its way to deal with our sub-mainland neighbors and our companions in ASEAN shows that it will pull out all the stops to contain India deliberately. Its activities like proceeding with help for Pakistans atomic and rocket programs are clearly a piece of this arrangement. 7 Frailty of the Chinese Leadership 7. China is a financial example of overcoming adversity yet its administration is profoundly uncertain. The Chinese government under the socialist party has each motivation to feel certain. However, a Chinese educator, Liu Xiabao, was as of late imprisoned for a long time, since he openly upheld opportunity of articulation and a conclusion to one-party rule in China. 8 Such episodes, human rights conditions, absence of opportunity to press, media and web in China, the Tiananmen occurrence and so forth show that Chinese socialist initiative feels exceptionally unreliable of any uprising against it. Further, India is the nation that is discussed frequently as a foe in China. 9 The initiative may fall back on exceptional acts, for example, addition of Taiwan or an assault on India to occupy open consideration, on the off chance that it is cornered by a famous development in China against the Communist party. End Notes 1. Sujit Dutta, Chinas developing Power and Military job: Implications for South Asia p 94 2. Chinese White Paper on National Defense; Year 2008, downloaded from www.china.org on 24 Sep 09 at 1500 h 3. Authority PK Ghosh, The Maritime Dimensions of Indias Energy Security analytics, p 33 4. Bad habit Admiral Raja Menon in his discourse at DSSC on Dec 09 5. Ashok Kapur, China and Proliferation: Implications for India p 405 6. Kondanpalli Sreekanth in his talk at DSSC Wellington on Nov 09 7. Kondanpalli Sreekanth in his talk at DSSC Wellington on Nov 09 8. Ian Burma, The Times of India, Bangalore, 16 Jan 10 9. Downloaded from yahoo.com on 28 Sep at 0900 h

How to Choose Essay Topics on Evolution

How to Choose Essay Topics on EvolutionIf you are having trouble finding topics for your essay on evolution, there are a number of things that you should look out for. While the topic may be easier to come up with in some instances, the selection of the appropriate topic is often very difficult. Here are a few tips on how to choose the appropriate topic for your essay on evolution.While how to choose essay topics on evolution will probably depend on a number of factors, it is important to pay attention to the basic elements that make up these topics. The focus of this area of study is studying the development of life on earth through time. This generally includes the times before and after the Cambrian Explosion in which an incredible variety of life forms emerged.The primary focus of this area of study is evolution. Some people will want to include information about where and when the initial living organisms arose. Others may want to include information about the reasons for the em ergence of these life forms. In either case, it is important to be clear in your essay on evolution about the questions that you wish to answer.Essay topics on evolution can also include animals, plants, or other forms of life. Since so many of the organisms that we know about today came about through the process of evolution, it is important to know how to include all of these examples in your essay. This requires clear and accurate information about where the various organisms came from and what they are capable of doing today.There are several different methods for deciding on essay topics on evolution. Some of these methods include taking what people want to say about the subject matter and choosing a way to convey this information to the reader in a manner that clearly communicates their point of view. Other essay topics on evolution may include questions that the student may be required to answer about the topic.As with any course, students are required to complete assignments that require them to write papers and take tests. This means that they are required to read information that is assigned to them and answer questions that have been related to the material that they have been given. When a student has to answer these types of questions about their topic, they will want to be as clear and precise as possible about their answers.There are many different reasons why someone may want to study this topic. Some people may be interested in the history of life, while others may be interested in studying the fossil record of early life. One common reason that people study this topic is because they are interested in the survival of living things.Finally, if you are having difficulty with how to choose essay topics on evolution, the first thing that you should do is find a topic that you are interested in. Once you have decided on a topic, you will want to select a writer who is experienced in writing about evolution and know the basics of the topic. Then, y ou will be able to properly plan out your essay and write your papers and test scores in a way that will be both successful and easy to understand.

No Prohibitions On The Use Of Stem Cells - 1199 Words

No Prohibitions on the Use of Stem Cells In the past century there have been many breakthroughs focused on extending human life. One such discovery is the controversial use of cells taken from human tissue. These are commonly referred to as stem cells. Stem cells are beneficial to human beings from being able to regenerate damaged to cells, to helping find cures to some of the most known diseases such as Rett’s disease, a disease that attacks the nervous system, and to reducing abnormalities in genes that give some humans many genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. Stem cells should not be prohibited regardless if they come from embryotic or adult stem cells. They all are valuable, and, with more research, they can possibly help extend†¦show more content†¦This means they can be specialized and are flexible enough to grow into a muscle cell, skin cell, and many more types of cells. Adult Stem cells can also be referred to somatic stem cells. These cells are cells of the body. An adult stem cell is an undifferentiated cell. It is found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. The adult stem cell can renew itself and can differentiate some or all of the major specialized cell types. The primary roles of the adult stem cell are to maintain and repair the tissue that contains them. There are two ways to identify stem cells. The first way is labeling cells in a living tissue with molecular markers, and then we would determine which of the specialized cells it generates. The second way is a more controversial way. The researcher would first remove the cell from a living animal and inject it into another living organism. This process would determine whether the cells repopulate their tissue of organ. A single adult cell must be able to generate a line of genetically identical cells that then give motivation to all the appropriate and differentiated cell types of the tissue. In a living animal adult stem cells are capable of dividing, if necessary, and can give a rise to mature cell types that have characteristic shapes and specialized

Last Glacial Maximum - Last Major Global Climate Change

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) refers to the most recent period in earths history when the glaciers were at their thickest and the sea levels at their lowest, roughly between 24,000–18,000 calendar years ago (cal bp). During the LGM, continent-wide ice sheets covered high-latitude Europe and North America, and sea levels were between 400–450 feet (120–135 meters) lower than they are today. At the height of the Last Glacial Maximum, all of Antarctica, large parts of Europe, North America, and South America, and small parts of Asia were covered in a steeply domed and thick layer of ice. Last Glacial Maximum: Key Takeaways The Last Glacial Maximum is the most recent time in earths history when the glaciers were at their thickest.  That was approximately 24,000-18,000 years ago.  All of Antarctica, large parts of Europe, North and South America, and Asia were covered by ice.  A stable pattern of glacial ice, sea level, and carbon in the atmosphere has been in place from about 6,700 years.That pattern has been destabilized by global warming as a result of the Industrial Revolution.   Evidence The overwhelming evidence of this long-gone process is seen in sediments laid down by sea level changes all over the world, in coral reefs and estuaries and oceans; and in the vast North American plains, landscapes scraped flat by thousands of years of glacial movement. In the lead up to the LGM between 29,000 and 21,000 cal bp, our planet saw constant or slowly increasing ice volumes, with the sea level reaching its lowest level (about 450 feet below todays norm) when there was about 52x10(6) cubic kilometers more glacial ice than there is today. Characteristics of the LGM Researchers are interested in the Last Glacial Maximum because of when it happened: it was the most recent globally impacting climate change, and it happened and to some degree affected the speed and trajectory of the colonization of the American continents. The characteristics of the LGM that scholars use to help identify the impacts of such a major change include fluctuations in effective sea level, and the decrease and subsequent rise in carbon as parts per million in our atmosphere during that period. Both of those characteristics are similar—but opposite to—the climate change challenges we are facing today: during the LGM, both the sea level and percentage of carbon in our atmosphere were substantially lower than what we see today. We do not as yet know the entire impact of what that means to our planet, but the effects are currently undeniable. The table below shows the changes in effective sea level in the past 35,000 years (Lambeck and colleagues) and parts per million of atmospheric carbon (Cotton and colleagues). Years BP, Sea Level Difference, PPM Atmospheric Carbon2018, 25 centimeters, 408 ppm1950, 0, 300 ppm1,000 BP, -.21 meters -.07, 280 ppm5,000 BP, -2.38 m /-.07, 270 ppm10,000 BP, -40.81 m /-1.51, 255 ppm15,000 BP, -97.82 m /-3.24, 210 ppm20,000 BP, -135.35 m /-2.02, 190 ppm25,000 BP, -131.12 m /-1.330,000 BP, -105.48 m /-3.635,000 BP, -73.41 m /-5.55 The major cause of sea level drop during the ice ages was the movement of water out of the oceans into ice and the planets dynamic response to the enormous weight of all that ice atop our continents. In North America during the LGM, all of Canada, the southern coast of Alaska, and the top 1/4 of the United States were covered with ice extending as far south as the states of Iowa and West Virginia. Glacial ice also covered the western coast of South America, and in the Andes extending into Chile and most of Patagonia. In Europe, the ice extended as far south as Germany and Poland; in Asia ice sheets reached Tibet. Although they saw no ice, Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania were a single landmass; and mountains throughout the world held glaciers. The Progress of Global Climate Change Visitors walking on a trail that leads to the melting and rock-covered Pasterze glacier hike past a lake of glacier water in a rocky basin once filled at least 60 meters deep by glacier ice on August 27, 2016 near Heiligenblut am Grossglockner, Austria. The European Environmental Agency predicts the volume of European glaciers will decline by between 22% and 89% by 2100, depending on the future intensity of greenhouse gases.   Sean Gallup/Getty Images The late Pleistocene period experienced a sawtooth-like cycling between cool glacial and warm interglacial periods  when global temperatures and atmospheric CO2 fluctuated up to 80–100 ppm corresponding with temperature variations of 3–4 degrees Celsius (5.4–7.2 degrees Fahrenheit): increases in atmospheric CO2 preceded decreases in global ice mass. The ocean stores carbon (called carbon sequestration) when the ice is low, and so the net influx of carbon in our atmosphere which is typically caused by cooling gets stored in our oceans. However, a lower sea level also increases salinity, and that and other physical changes to the large-scale ocean currents and sea ice fields also contribute to carbon sequestration. The following is the latest understanding of the process of climate change progress during the LGM from Lambeck et al. 35,000–31,000 cal BP—slow fall in sea level (transitioning out of Ã…lesund Interstadial)31,000–30,000 cal BP—rapid fall of 25 meters, with rapid ice growth especially in Scandinavia29,000–21,000  cal BP—constant or slowly growing ice volumes, eastward and southward expansion of the Scandinavian ice sheet and the southward expansion of the Laurentide ice sheet, lowest at 2121,000–20,000 cal BP—onset of deglaciation,20,000–18,000 cal BP—short-lived sea level rise of 10-15 meters18,000–16,500 cal BP—near constant sea level16,500–14,000 cal BP—major phase of deglaciation, effective sea level change about 120 meters at an average of 12 meters per 1000 years14,500–14,000 cal BP—(Bà ¸lling- Allerà ¸d warm period), high rate of se-level  rise, average rise in sea level 40 mm annually14,000–12,500 cal BP—sea level rises ~20 meters in 1500 years12,500–11 ,500 cal BP—(Younger Dryas), a much-reduced rate of sea-level  rise11,400–8,200 cal BP—near-uniform global rise, about 15 m/1000 years8,200–6,700 cal BP—reduced rate of sea-level  rise, consistent with the final phase of North American deglaciation at 7ka6,700 cal BP–1950—progressive decrease in sea level rise1950–present—first sea rise increase in 8,000 years Global Warming and Modern Sea Level Rise By the late 1890s, the industrial revolution had begun throwing enough carbon into the atmosphere to impact the global climate and start the changes that are currently underway. By the 1950s, scientists such as Hans Suess and Charles David Keeling began to recognize the inherent dangers of human-added carbon in the atmosphere. The global mean sea level (GMSL), according to the Environmental Protection Agency, has risen nearly 10 inches since 1880, and by all measures appears to be accelerating.   Most early measures of current sea level rise have been based on changes in tides at the local level. More recent data comes from satellite altimetry that samples the open oceans, allowing for precise quantitative statements. That measurement began in 1993, and the 25-year record indicates that the global mean sea level has risen at a rate of between 3/-.4 millimeters per year, or a total of nearly 3 inches (or 7.5 cm) since records began. More and more studies indicate that unless carbon emissions are decreased, an additional 2–5 feet (.65–1.30 m) rise by 2100 is likely.   Specific Studies and Long-Term Predictions U.S. Fish and Wildlife ecologist Phillip Hughes inspects dead buttonwood trees which have succumbed to salt water incursion in Big Pine Key, Florida. Since 1963, the Florida Keys upland vegetation is being replaced by salt tolerant vegetation.   Joe Raedle/Getty Images Areas already impacted by sea level rises include the American east coast, where between 2011 and 2015, sea levels rose up to five inches (13 cm). Myrtle Beach in South Carolina experienced high tides in November 2018 which flooded their streets. In the Florida Everglades (Dessu and colleagues 2018), sea level rise has been measured at 5 in (13 cm) between 2001 and 2015. An additional impact is an increase in salt spikes changing the vegetation, due to an increase in inflow during the dry season. Qu and colleagues (2019) studied 25 tidal stations in China, Japan and Vietnam and tidal data indicate that the 1993–2016 sea level rise was 3.2 mm per year (or 3 inches).   Long-term data have been collected throughout the world, and estimates are that by 2100, a 3–6 feet (1–2 meter) rise in the Mean Global Sea Level is possible, accompanied by a 1.5–2 degree Celsius in overall warming. Some of the direst suggest a 4.5-degree rise is not impossible if carbon emissions are not reduced.  Ã‚   The Timing of the American Colonization According to the most current theories, the LGM impacted the progress of human colonization of the American continents. During the LGM, entry into the Americas was blocked by ice sheets: many scholars now believe that the colonists began entering into the Americas across what was Beringia, perhaps as early as 30,000 years ago. According to genetic studies, humans were stranded on the Bering Land Bridge during the LGM between 18,000–24,000 cal BP, trapped by the ice on the island before they were set free by the retreating ice. Sources Bourgeon L, Burke A, and Higham T. 2017. Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. PLOS ONE 12(1):e0169486.Buchanan PJ, Matear RJ, Lenton A, Phipps SJ, Chase Z, and Etheridge DM. 2016. The simulated climate of the Last Glacial Maximum and insights into the global marine carbon cycle. Climate of the Past 12(12):2271-2295.Cotton JM, Cerling TE, Hoppe KA, Mosier TM, and Still CJ. 2016. Climate, CO2, and the history of North American grasses since the Last Glacial Maximum. Science Advances 2(e1501346).Dessu, Shimelis B., et al. Effects of Sea-Level Rise and Freshwater Management on Long-Term Water Levels and Water Quality in the Florida Coastal Everglades. Journal of Environmental Management 211 (2018): 164–76. Print.Lambeck K, Rouby H, Purcell A, Sun Y, and Sambridge M. 2014. Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci ences 111(43):15296-15303.Lindgren A, Hugelius G, Kuhry P, Christensen TR, and Vandenberghe J. 2016. GIS-based Maps and Area Estimates of Northern Hemisphere Permafrost Extent during the Last Glacial Maximum. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 27(1):6-16.Moreno PI, Denton GH, Moreno H, Lowell TV, Putnam AE, and Kaplan MR. 2015. Radiocarbon chronology of the last glacial maximum and its termination in northwestern Patagonia. Quaternary Science Reviews 122:233-249.Nerem, R. S., et al. Climate-Change–Driven Accelerated Sea-Level Rise Detected in the Altimeter Era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.9 (2018): 2022–25. Print.Qu, Ying, et al. Coastal Sea Level Rise around the China Seas. Global and Planetary Change 172 (2019): 454–63. Print.Slangen, Aimà ©e B. A., et al. Evaluating Model Simulations of Twentieth-Century Sea Level Rise. Part I: Global Mean Sea Level Change. Journal of Climate 30.21 (2017): 8539–63. Print.Willerslev E, Davison J, Moora M, Zobel M, Coissac E, Edwards ME, Lorenzen ED, Vestergard M, Gussarova G, Haile J et al. 2014. Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet. Nature 506(7486):47-51.

Invisible Man Essay Ellisons Influences and Inspirations

Ellisons Influences and Inspirations for Invisible Man All authors draw upon past experiences, people they have known, places they have been, as well as their own philosophy of life to write. Ralph Ellison, in his book Shadow and Act refers to this process when he writes, The act of writing requires a constant plunging back into the shadow of the past where time hovers ghostlike (xix). In preparing to write his novel he notes that, [d]etails of old photographs and rhymes and riddles and childrens games, church services and college ceremonies, practical jokes and political activities observed during my prewar days in Harlem-all fell into place (xxvii). While the novel Invisible Man is not†¦show more content†¦He no doubt used his own reaction to the party as a basis for the Invisible Mans attraction to the Brotherhood. Robert G. OMeally in an article for the Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History entitled Ellison, Ralph notes that his introduction to the party was by way of the writer Richard Wright who was edit ing New Challenge, a leftist magazine, and who asked Ellison to write for the magazine (885). Ellisons eventual disillusionment with the party is reflected in the Invisible Mans rejection of the Brotherhood as self-serving and not actually interested in the rights of Black Americans. The last section of the novel concerns the race riot that ends with the Invisible Man escaping into his hole in the ground to think about what has happened to him and what he is going to do about it. This episode was based on the Harlem race riots of 1943. In an article entitled Harlem Riots of 1935 and 1943 in the Encyclopedia of African- American Culture and History, Gayle T. Tate relates that the Harlem riots of August 1943 started as a result of built up tensions between the people of Harlem and the police. The riots were touched off by an incident between a woman and the management of the Bradock Hotel. When the police arrested this person, another woman and her son attempted to defend her, and the policeShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesHughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop betwee n Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States. As the manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressed contempt for blackRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117 †¢ Customer Service 118 †¢ Job Attitudes 119 †¢ Deviant Workplace Behaviors 119 †¢ Safety and Injury at Work 119 †¢ How Managers Can Influence Moods 120 Summary and Implications for Managers 121 Self-Assessment Library How Are You Feeling Right Now? 98 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Affect Intensity? 104 Myth or Science? We Are Better Judges of When Other s Are Happy Than When They Are

Construction of Health Care for Aged

Question: Describe about the Construction of Health Care for Aged. Answer: Introduction Human offerings places of work comprise an extensive style of types, from little and reasonably normal restorative services to mammoth, difficult, and steeply-priced, educating and inquire about general practitioner's services. Gigantic surgeon's amenities focuses may just comprise the entire extraordinary auxiliary social coverage sorts which are often independent places of work. The ancient expression, "You never get a further opportunity to make a good early introduction" applies to social insurance workplaces. The place of work passes on a message to patients, guests, volunteers, sellers, and staff. The administrative center moreover imparts a downpour of intimations about the association and the restorative care being given there. The pieces of understanding start at how to deal with the place of work, the drop-off variety, the parking garages, and the road signs. In a ultimate world, that message is one that passes on inviting, aware, solace, and sympathy, responsibility to suf ferer prosperity and security, the place push is soothed, asylum is given, regard is answered, skill is symbolized, manner-discovering is motivated, and families are suitable. The administrative center additionally impacts consultant administration mentalities and practices. Completions, signage, and work of art have got to be exactly chosen, throughout composed, and coordinated. Safety can be adjusted with just a few accessories clear to patients/visitors, while passing on a message of wellbeing. Eager define can assurance the excellent viable early introduction is made and managed. The definition of human offerings places of work is represented by countless controls and specialized requirements. It is additionally influenced via numerous much less characterized desires and weights. Essentially the most squeezing of those are group of workers deficiencies, repayments, misbehavior safety, healthcare professional's facility relations, limit, protect the uninsured, continual wellbeing, propels in innovation, and patient success per a late American tuition of Healthcare Executives learn of medical institution CEOs. Design project methodology The whole medicinal offerings framework is underneath high-quality weight to scale back expenses, and meanwhile, be more receptive to "customers". The maturing are the heaviest clients of social insurance administrations, and the expense of the maturing in our populace is expanding essentially. In the meantime, quick mechanical advances, frequently together with totally problematic methods and equipment, make more symptomatic and cure methodology obtainable. The next increment in human offerings costs just isn't with no trouble obliged. Originators find increasing pay attention to constraining each development charges and the expenses of their outline administrations, even as packing development calendars and as yet meeting the most astounding fine units. As rate weights increment, human offerings places of work finally end up in increasing rivalry for both sufferers and employees. Design is most commonly perceived as a critical gadget in drawing in and retaining the pleasant gurus and scientific caretakers, the great HMOs and defense arranges, and essentially the most patients. Customer picks depend upon fee, availability, nature of administration, and nature of restorative care. A tastefully fulfilling place of job is a key a part of the obvious nature of care. Medicinal offerings are a piece severe industry, and fairly a bit of of that work is really talented and generously compensated. Considering that 60 to 75% of doctor's facility fees are work expenses, an outline that increments operational profitability or proficiency and diminishes staffing necessities can majorly have an impact on the primary predicament. (put on Blair, then at Perkins + Will, evaluated that the fee of one full-time staff man or woman is proportional to the obligation advantage on $1 million of acquiring for each Architectural record of may just 1997.) Likewise, operations and help expenditures over the normal 50-year lifestyles cycle of a cure core make contributions as much as eighty% to the situation, so anything originators can do to encourage protection and cut down add up to life-cycle price will have tremendous profits for a most likely little in advance hypothesis. (source: Federal amenities Council.) Adaptability need to be an essential factor of any new human offerings place of job to preserve it from speedy obsolete high-quality even with altering needs and advances. Human offerings place of job wishes are constructing swiftly, and the bearing of that advancement is hard to estimate with any conviction. New equipment developments, new healing approachs, alterations in diseases, and alterations in the patient populace base all outcome the places of work that condominium them. Inpatient care is continuously being diminished whilst outpatient administrations are setting up. There may be increasing accentuation on first-class care items and littler satellite places of work versus tremendous, introduced together places of work. Earlier than, transmittable illnesses were the big health drawback, and sanitation or cleanliness was the important average for a mending or remedial atmosphere. Cleanliness stays significant, yet there may be expanding acknowledgment of the estimation of a exceptional, without problems comprehended, and non-debilitating environment for patient recuperation. For example, the Plane tree health center common sense of "demystifying pharmaceutical" underscores this type of bodily area as a important part of its method. Fine define within the medicinal offerings atmosphere starts off evolved with the aid of perceiving the fundamental valuable needs, nevertheless does now not finish there it should likewise meet the passionate needs of the members who make use of such places of work on celebration of vulnerability, reliance, and stretch. The HIPAA controls handle safety and security of "ensured health data" (PHI). These instructions put accentuation on acoustic and visible safety. Even as HIPAA does now not direct offices define, its strategies for social coverage places of work may influence area and structure of workstations that handle therapeutic records and different sufferer information, paper and digital and in addition quiet lodging. Operational effectiveness of ICT Reviewer analyzes how well a framework meets its objectives from the perspective of a client who cooperates with the system all the time. Four fundamental measures: Ease of use User satisfaction Frequency of use Nature of use Frequency and nature of use of ICT Frequency - utilized broadly, however dangerous At times a superb framework prompts low recurrence of utilization because the framework allows more work to be expert in a shorter timeframe. In some cases a low quality framework prompts a low recurrence of utilization since clients despise the framework. Nature - can utilize frameworks from numerous points of view Least level: regard as black box giving answers for the most abnormal amount: use to rethink how assignments, occupations performed and saw. Implementation There is a recognizable development from surgeon's facility centered intense care to outpatient mind, and toward a more complete, deterrent, and steady care of health and wellness. Maintainability has got to be a concept for the definition of all human offerings places of work. Numerous realistic plan factors can also be consolidated into medicinal offerings office define, including day lighting, vitality and water protection, un-hazardous materials and completes, and supportable operations and protection. Human offerings workplace vitality and water protection norms have got to meet EPAct 2005 and government Order 13693 necessities. The vigor Independence and safety Act of 2007 offers extra necessities to vitality renovation. Technical effectiveness of ICT Has the fitting gear and programming development been utilized to reinforce a system, or, whether an adjustment in the support hardware or programming advancement would empower the structure to meet its destinations better. Gear execution can be measured using hardware screens or more gross measures, for instance, system response time, down time. Programming sufficiency can be measured by taking a gander at the historical backdrop of program support, conformity and run time resource usage. The recorded background of program repair upkeep demonstrates the way of method of reasoning existing in a program; i.e., wide oversight modification construes: unseemly framework, coding or testing; failure to use. Economic effectiveness of ICT Requires the distinguishing proof of expenses and benefits and the proper assessment of expenses and advantages - a troublesome errand since costs and advantages rely on upon the way of the IS. For instance, a portion of the advantages expected and got from an IS intended to bolster a social administration environment would contrast fundamentally from a framework intended to bolster fabricating exercises. The absolute most huge expenses and advantages might be elusive and difficult to recognize, and alongside difficult to esteem. Evaluating system efficiency of ICT The reason behind, why might a reviewer get included in an investigation of framework efficiency is Assess a current operational framework to determine whether its execution can be made strides; assess substitute frameworks that the establishment is considering obtaining or renting. For instance, management might consider two frameworks with different database administration approaches. To figure out if a framework is productive, the evaluator will need to recognize: a proper execution record to survey framework productivity. A proper workload model to gauge the framework's performance with regards to that workload. Performance indices of ICT Measure framework productivity; quantitatively how well framework achieves an effectiveness standard. Have a few capacities: Permit clients to choose whether a framework will address issues, allow examination of substitute frameworks, and demonstrate whether changes to the equipment/programming arrangement of system have created the fancied impact. Communicated utilizing extents or likelihood appropriations - avg. might betray (take a gander at reaction time varieties) Communicated as far as workload - e.g., reaction time of an intuitive framework will shift contingent upon the number and the way of the employments in the framework. ICT aged health care today In driving edge society ICT is ever-compensate, with more noteworthy than three billion members having section to the web. With cycle 8 out of 10 web buyers gladly owning a cell phone, information and comprehension are extending by utilizing bounced and limits. This rapid advancement, particularly in developing universal areas, has driven ICT to raise as a foundation of regular every day presence, wherein presence without some part of advancement renders the goliath lion's share of managerial, work and exercises errands futile. Regardless, deterrents are in any case on the free. "Of the 4.4 billion members not but rather utilizing the web, 90% live in making countries. On this present planet's forty two least associated countries, which may be home to 2.5 billion people, passage to ICTs stays to a top notch degree out of get, especially for these universal areas' huge common populaces. "ICT has however to enter the far away regions of a couple of nations, with innumerable developing country's shortage of a web. This in like manner obliges the availability of PDA lines, mainly the openness of cell phone scope, and unmistakable types of electronic transmission of ability. Basically the most breakthrough "Measuring the information Society record" carefully communicated that the extension in the beforehand said cell ability extension is clear, as "endless customers have different enrollments, with overall advancement considers in a few occasions translating alongside negligible particular trade in the level of accessibility of those at the to a great degree base of the pyramid; a normal 450 million members by and large are living in spots which may be in any case out of accomplish of moveable phone supplier." ICT in education sector Data and verbal exchange technology can add to all inclusive access to guide, price in coaching, the conveyance of worth finding out and instructing, instructors' educated advancement and more potent training administration, administration and group. UNESCO adopts an all encompassing and far accomplishing technique to advancing ICT in training. Get to; incorporation and best are among the most important difficulties they may be able to address. The organization's Intersexual Platform for ICT in guideline concentrates on these issues through the joint work of three of its divisions: verbal exchange and understanding, schooling and Science. Advantages and disadvantages of ICT ICT has many advantages and some disadvantages also as mentioned below- Faster communication: cash may also be spared in gentle of the truth that it is a lot quicker to move data round. With the help of ICT it has became out to be turbo and more effective to contact both a business and relative. We can now examine with any individual around the globe with the aid of well-nigh message informing them, or sending them an electronic mail, for a just about immediate response. The wide accessibility of the web has likewise unfolded vis--vis coordinate correspondence from about at any place on the earth, due to the help of video-conferencing, lengthy range casual communication websites, Skype and a bunch of preparations furnished by means of media communications companies and PDAs in this method making it a long way much less high-priced than beforehand. Online correspondence can unite families/companions crosswise over distances. Globalization - Video conferencing spares money on flights and contract. ICT has now not simply brought the nations and individuals nearer collectively; nonetheless it has permitted the world's economy to come to be a solitary associated framework. This means we can share information rapidly and productively, as well as scale down obstructions of semantic and geographic limits. The arena has shaped right into a international town due to the fact of the help of information innovation, enabling international locations like Ireland and China who're remote via separation as good as via dialect to impart ideas and data to one another. Cost adequacy: It does not hesitate to send an e mail; it is without uncertainty much less expensive than cell calls. ICT has moreover robotized business hones, on this manner rebuilding corporations to make them terribly financially savvy. This, thusly, expands effectively making the trade extra productive; that extra traditionally than not implies higher pay and no more strenuous working conditions. Bigger Availability: ICT has made it possible for firms to be robotized giving customers access to a site or voice message 24 hours a day, 7 days per week. This means a trade can also be open at anything time, at any place, giving a client the capacity to make a purchase from more than a few international locations for that reason making it less difficult and extra important. It moreover implies that you may have your merchandise conveyed right to your doorstep from spots that you just would on no account have had entry to before. Bridging the social gap: better access to innovation has connected the social crevice through peopling from quite a lot of societies to converse with every other, and take into consideration the trading of views and thoughts, thus increasing mindfulness and lessening prejudice. Creation of new employments: most often, the excellent favorable function of ICT has been the making of latest and interesting occupations. Computer developers, systems examiners, Hardware and software engineers, and net planners are simplest a element of the numerous new livelihood openings made with the assistance of ICT. Education: laptop alongside their tasks and the web has made instructive open doors now not available to prior eras. Knowledge is uninhibitedly accessible to all with an online association. Disadvantages Unemployment: exchange "propels in innovation" for "expanded profitability" and the important turn out to be from a piece centered to an innovation empowered economic system can be clarified. Whilst knowledge innovation could have streamlined the business system, it has moreover made occupation redundancies, reducing back, and outsourcing. ICT could make someone more productive at their occupation; an institution can on this method utilize much less participants to finish that employment. For illustration: In a producing plant, proficient experts and engineers can be supplanted by means of pc managed robots which can work quicker, for more and the entire more reliably or expansive corporations who utilized once utilized countless typists they can now be supplanted with the aid of one man or woman utilizing a word processor. Privacy - though knowledge innovation can have made correspondence quicker, less stressful, and more advantageous, it has likewise introduced along safety issues. From phone flag block makes an attempt to email hacking, members are currently agonized over their as soon as private information attending to be open studying. A case of this could be the inserting of microchips n for all intents and functions all that you buy, put on, power and read, enabling retailers and regulation requirement to track buyer matters and, by using enlargement, shoppers wherever they go, from a distance. Lack of job security: professionals in a large assortment of fields trust that ICT has made reliable steadiness a important limitation, considering innovation continues changing almost constantly. This implies men and women must be normally focusing on or very likely staying aware of alterations of their calling, on the off chance that they have to believe comfy in their industry to be relaxed. Overriding Cultures: whilst ICT could have made the world a worldwide town, it has additionally added to at least one tradition devouring a different weaker one. For example, it is presently contended that youngsters in the U.S. Have an impact on how most youthful children all over the place throughout the sector now act, costume, and carry on. Dialects too have gotten to be dominated, with English changing into the foremost procedure of correspondence for industry and the whole lot else. Reliance on technology: Professor Ian Robertson, a neuropsychology master situated at Trinity institution Dublin who did the be trained, said: "contributors have more to don't forget at the moment, and they're relying on innovation for his or her reminiscence nonetheless the much less you utilization of your memory, the poorer it gets to be. This probably reflected in the learn discoveries which reveal that the more than 50s who grew up submitting extra to reminiscence record most well known execution in numerous territories over those under 30 who are intensely stylish on innovation to head about as their day-to-day helper diary." Article right here For example; individuals do not are attempting figuring out the best way to spell seeing that they utilize spell-checker, or need an adding computing device do perform minor option or subtraction. Reliability of understanding any person with entry to a laptop and an internet association internet can a weblog or submit anything up on a site, so considering the fact that something's on the internet doesn't suggest it can be solid. Laptop infections, worms, Trojans, malware, unsolicited mail, phishing-all or any can convey about bedlam and disturb our day by day lives. Conclusion Information and communication technology of health care of aged (ICT) is a general expression for an assortment of more than a few laptop, knowledge and specialized items, purposes, system and administrations. Correspondence technology has ended up valuable in our everyday lives. Each humans and industry make use of correspondence innovation to get what they require. Nonetheless, it likewise has its drawbacks. Correspondence innovation in an association includes things like Voice mail, email, Teleconferences and Compressed video, GDSS pc helped common leadership and virtual fact. References David, R. (2014). Use of information and communication technology (ICT) for dementia patients: From assessment to intervention. Gerontechnology, 13(2). F.I, A. (2012). Promoting Sustainable Development in Nigeria through Information and Communication Technology (Ict). IOSR Journal Of Electronics And Communication Engineering, 3(3), 05-11. Marques, P. (1999). Information Technology and Communication (ICT) for education. Some of its research lines. Educar, 25, 175. Nkanu, W. (2008). Availability and utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) facilities in Nigerian University libraries. Information Technologist (The), 4(2). Purwanto, S. (2011). Information Communication Technology(ICT) and the Challenge of Multicultural Society. OMNES, 2(2). Sengupta, D. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Social and Rural Development. SSRN Electronic Journal. Sewe, F. Factors Affecting the Strategic Growth of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Kenya: A Case Study of ICT Providers in Kenya. SSRN Electronic Journal. Sudarma, M. (2013). Transformation of Information Technology Based on Human Computer Interaction Concept. IJ-ICT, 2(3). Ugwuanyi, F. (2009). Information And Communication Technology (ICT) Literacy Among Academic Librarians In Enugu State. Information Technologist (The), 6(1).